Iyini i-Rare-Earths?
Imihlaba engavamile, eyaziwa nangokuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ibhekisela ezintweni ezingu-17 kuthebula lezikhathi ezithile ezihlanganisa uchungechunge lwe-lanthanide olusuka kuzinombolo ze-athomu 57, i-lanthanum (La) ukuya ku-71, i-lutetium (Lu), kanye ne-scandium (Sc) ne-yttrium (Y) .
Kusukela egameni, umuntu angase acabange ukuthi lezi “ziyivelakancane,” kodwa ngokweminyaka ekhokhwayo (isilinganiso semali egciniwe eqinisekisiwe emkhiqizweni wonyaka) kanye nokuminyana kwazo ngaphakathi koqweqwe lomhlaba, empeleni ziningi kakhulu kuneled noma i-zinc.
Ngokusebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo umhlaba ongavamile, umuntu angalindela izinguquko ezinkulu kubuchwepheshe obuvamile; izinguquko ezifana nokuqanjwa okusha kwezobuchwepheshe ngokusebenza okusha, ukuthuthukiswa kokuqina kwezinto zokwakha kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwamandla emishini kagesi kanye nemishini.
Mayelana nama-Rare-Earth oxides
I-Rare-Earth Oxides Group ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-Rare Earths noma ngezinye izikhathi njenge-REO. Ezinye izinsimbi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane zithole ukusetshenziswa okungaphezulu komhlaba kwezensimbi, izitsha zobumba, ukwenza ingilazi, odayi, amalaser, amathelevishini nezinye izakhi zikagesi. Ukubaluleka kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ngokuqinisekile kuyanda. Kufanele kucatshangelwe, futhi, ukuthi izinto eziningi eziqukethe umhlaba ezingandile ezinezicelo zezimboni zingama-oxide, noma zitholakala kuma-oxide.
Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwemboni ngobuningi nokuvuthiwe kwama-earth oxides angavamile, ukusetshenziswa kwawo ekwakhiweni kwama-catalyst (njengezindlela ezintathu ze-automotive catalysis), ezimbonini ezihlobene nezingilazi (ukwenza ingilazi, ukuhlukanisa imibala noma ukufaka imibala, ukupholisha ingilazi nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlobene), kanye nokuhlala unomphela. ukukhiqiza izibuthe akhawunti cishe 70% of ezingavamile Earth oxides ukusetshenziswa. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile zezimboni zithinta imboni ye-metallurgy (esetshenziswa njengezithasiselo ku-Fe noma ku-Al metal alloys), izitsha zobumba (ikakhulukazi esimweni sika-Y), izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlobene nokukhanya (ngesimo se-phosphors), njengezingxenye ze-alloy yebhethri, noma eziqinile. i-oxide fuel cell, phakathi kokunye. Ukwengeza, kodwa okungabalulekile kangako, kunezinhlelo zokusebenza zesikali esiphansi, ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwe-biomedical kwamasistimu e-nanoparticulated aqukethe ama-oxide omhlaba ayivelakancane okwelapha umdlavuza noma omaka bokutholwa kwesimila, noma njengezimonyo zokuvikela isikhumba elangeni.
Mayelana ne-Rare-Earth Compounds
Ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu I-Rare-Earth Compounds ikhiqizwa ezinsimbini ngale ndlela elandelayo: ukugxilisa ingqondo ngokomzimba (isb., ukuntanta), i-leaching, ukuhlanzwa kwesisombululo ngokukhipha i-solvent, ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba okungavamile ngokukhipha i-solvent, imvula eyinhlanganisela yomhlaba eyivelakancane. Ekugcineni lezi zinhlanganisela zakha i-carbonate ethengiswayo, i-hydroxide, ama-phosphates nama-fluoride.
Cishe u-40% wokukhiqizwa komhlaba ongavamile usetshenziswa ngendlela ye-metallic-ukwenza odonsa, ama-electrode ebhethri, nama-alloys. Izinsimbi zenziwe ngezinhlanganisela ezingenhla nge-electrowinning kasawoti ehlanganisiwe enezinga eliphezulu lokushisa kanye nokunciphisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngama-metallic reductants, isibonelo, i-calcium noma i-lanthanum.
Umhlaba ongavamile usetshenziswa kakhulu kulokhu okulandelayo:
●Mama-agnet (afinyelela kumagnethi ayi-100 ngemoto ngayinye entsha)
● Ama-Catalysts (i-automobile emission kanye ne-petroleum cracking)
● Izimpushana zokupholisha ingilazi zezikrini zikamabonakude namadiski okugcina idatha engilazi
● Amabhethri aphinde ashajwe (ikakhulukazi izimoto ezixubile)
● I-Photonics (i-luminescence, i-fluorescence namadivayisi okukhulisa ukukhanya)
● Omazibuthe nama-photonics kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa ezayo
I-UrbanMines ihlinzeka ngekhathalogi ebanzi yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kanye nezinhlanganisela zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu. Ukubaluleka kwe-Rare Earth Compounds kukhula kakhulu kubuchwepheshe obuningi obubalulekile futhi ayinakushintshwa emikhiqizweni eminingi nasezinqubweni zokukhiqiza. Sihlinzeka nge-Rare Earth Compounds emabangeni ahlukene ngokuvumelana nezidingo zekhasimende ngalinye, ezisebenza njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene.
Yiziphi i-Rare-Earths ezivame ukusetshenziswa kuyo?
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwezimboni zomhlaba ezingavamile kwakungenxa yetshe letsheza elikhanyayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa nokucwengisiswa abuzange buthuthukiswe, ngakho-ke kwasetshenziswa ingxube yezinto eziningi ezingavamile zomhlaba nosawoti noma i-misch metal (alloy) engashintshiwe.
Kusukela ngawo-1960, ukuhlukaniswa nokucwengisiswa kwaba nokwenzeka futhi izakhiwo eziqukethwe emhlabeni ngamunye ongavamile zabonakala. Ekuthuthukisweni kwabo kwezimboni, baqale basetshenziswa njengama-cathode-ray tube phosphors kuma-TV anemibala nasemalensi ekhamera acwebezelayo. Baye baqhubeka nokufaka isandla ekwehliseni usayizi nesisindo samakhompiyutha, amakhamera edijithali, amadivaysi alalelwayo nokunye okwengeziwe ngokusebenzisa kwabo omazibuthe abasebenzayo abasezingeni eliphezulu namabhethri aphinde ashajwe.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, bebelokhu bethola ukunakwa njengempahla eluhlaza ye-hydrogen-absorbing alloys nama-magnetostriction alloys.
