Yintoni i-Rare-Earths?
Imihlaba enqabileyo, ekwaziwa ngokuba ziziqalelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ibhekisa kumalungu ali-17 akwitheyibhile yeperiodical aquka uthotho lwelanthanide ukusuka kumanani eathom angama-57, lanthanum (La) ukuya kuma-71, ilutetium (Lu), kunye nescandium (Sc) kunye neyttrium (Y) .
Ngokusuka kwigama, umntu usenokucinga ukuba ezi “zinqabile,” kodwa ngokweminyaka yeminable (umyinge wogcino oluqinisekisiweyo ukuya kwimveliso yonyaka) kunye noxinaniso lwazo ngaphakathi koqweqwe lomhlaba, eneneni zininzi kakhulu kuneled okanye i-zinc.
Ngokusebenzisa ngempumelelo imihlaba enqabileyo, umntu unokulindela utshintsho olumangalisayo kubugcisa obuqhelekileyo; utshintsho olufana nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ngokusebenza okutsha, ukuphuculwa kokuqina kwimathiriyeli yesakhiwo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla koomatshini kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki.
Malunga ne-Rare-Earth oxides
Iqela le-Rare-Earth Oxides ngamanye amaxesha libizwa ngokuba yi-Rare Earths okanye ngamanye amaxesha njenge-REO. Ezinye iintsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zifumene usetyenziso olusezantsi emhlabeni kwisinyithi, iiseramikhi, ukwenza iiglasi, iidayi, iilaser, oomabonakude kunye nezinye izinto zombane. Ukubaluleka kweentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ngokuqinisekileyo kuyanda. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo, ngokunjalo, ukuba uninzi lwezinto ezinqabileyo eziqulathe umhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso mhlawumbi zi-oxides, okanye zifunyenwe kwii-oxides.
Ngokumalunga nosetyenziso oluninzi kunye noluqolileyo lweshishini leeoksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwimixube yecatalysts (ezifana neendlela ezintathu ze-automotive catalysis), kumashishini anxulumene neglasi (ukwenza iglasi, ukuhombisa okanye ukufaka imibala, ukupolisha iglasi kunye nezinye izicelo ezinxulumene noko), kunye nesigxina. Imagnethi yenza ingxelo malunga ne-70% yokusetyenziswa kweeoksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Ezinye izicelo ezibalulekileyo zemizi-mveliso zibandakanya ishishini lesinyithi (elisetyenziswa njengezongezo kwi-Fe okanye kwi-Al metal alloys), iiseramikhi (ngokukodwa kwimeko ye-Y), izicelo ezinxulumene nokukhanya (ngendlela ye-phosphors), njengamacandelo e-alloy yebhetri, okanye kwizinto eziqinileyo. iiseli fuel oxide, phakathi kwezinye. Ukongeza, kodwa okungabalulekanga kangako, kukho usetyenziso lwesikali esisezantsi, ezinje ngosetyenziso lwebhayoloji yeenkqubo ze-nanoparticulated eziqulethe iioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunyango lomhlaza okanye njengeziphawuli zokufumanisa ithumba, okanye njengezithambiso zesunscreens zokukhusela ulusu.
Malunga neeCompounds ezinqabileyo zomhlaba
Ucoceko oluphezulu Imihlanganisela ye-Rare-Earth iveliswa kwi-ores ngale ndlela ilandelayo: ukugxininiswa komzimba (umzekelo, ukujikeleza), i-leaching, ukucocwa kwesisombululo ngokutsalwa kwe-solvent, ukwahlukana komhlaba okunqabileyo ngokutsalwa kwe-solvent, imvula enqabileyo yomhlaba enqabileyo yomhlaba. Ekugqibeleni ezi khompawundi zenza icarbonate, ihydroxide, iiphosphates kunye neefluorides ezithengiswayo.
Ngokumalunga ne-40% yemveliso yomhlaba enqabileyo isetyenziswe kwifom yensimbi-ukwenza iimagnethi, i-electrode yebhetri, kunye ne-alloys. Izinyithi zenziwa kwezi zikhompawundi zingentla ngobushushu obuphezulu obuxutywe ngetyuwa ye-electrowinning kunye nokunciphisa ubushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-metallic reductants, umzekelo, i-calcium okanye i-lanthanum.
Umhlaba onqabileyo usetyenziswa kakhulu koku kulandelayo:
●Mii-agnets (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 lemagnethi kwimoto entsha nganye)
● IiCatalysts (ukukhutshwa kwemoto kunye nokuqhekeka kwepetroleum)
● Umgubo weglasi wokupholisha kwizikrini zikamabonakude kunye neediski zokugcina idatha yeglasi
● Iibhetri ezitshajekayo (ingakumbi iimoto ezixutyiweyo)
● Ifotonics (i-luminescence, i-fluorescence kunye nezixhobo zokukhulisa ukukhanya)
● Iimagnethi kunye neefotonics kulindeleke ukuba zikhule kakhulu kule minyaka imbalwa izayo
I-UrbanMines ibonelela ngekhathalogu ebanzi yococeko oluphezulu kunye neekhompawundi zokucoceka okuphezulu. Ukubaluleka kweMihlanganisela yoMhlaba eRare kukhula ngamandla kwiiteknoloji ezininzi eziphambili kwaye azinakuthathelwa indawo kwiimveliso ezininzi kunye neenkqubo zemveliso. Sinikezela ngeeCompounds zeRare Earth kumabakala ahlukeneyo ngokweemfuno zomthengi ngamnye, ezisebenza njengemathiriyeli ekrwada exabisekileyo kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
Yintoni iRare-Earths esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuyo?
Ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso yokuqala yomhlaba onqabileyo yayiyeyelitye lenyengane kwizibane. Ngelo xesha, iteknoloji yokwahlula kunye nokucokisa yayingekaphuhliswa, ngoko ke umxube wezinto ezininzi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye netyuwa okanye i-misch metal (alloy) engatshintshiyo yayisetyenziswa.
Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1960, kwabakho ukwahlulwa nokucokiswa kwaza kwabonakala neempawu eziqulethwe kumhlaba ngamnye onqabileyo. Kwimizi-mveliso yabo, zaqala ukusetyenziswa njenge-cathode-ray tyhubhu phosphors kwiiTV ezinemibala kunye neelensi zekhamera ezikhanyayo. Baye baqhubela phambili ukufaka isandla ekunciphiseni ubungakanani kunye nobunzima beekhompyuter, iikhamera zedijithali, izixhobo zeaudio kunye nokunye ngokusetyenziswa kwazo kwiimagnethi ezisebenza ngokusisigxina kunye neebhetri ezinokutshajwa.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, baye bafumana ingqalelo njengento ekrwada ye-hydrogen-absorbing alloys kunye ne-magnetostriction alloys.
