1. I-Polysilicon industry chain: Inkqubo yokuvelisa iyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye i-downstream igxile kwi-photovoltaic semiconductors.
I-Polysilicon iveliswa ikakhulu kwi-silicon ye-industrial, i-chlorine kunye ne-hydrogen, kwaye ifumaneka phezulu kwi-photovoltaic kunye ne-semiconductor industry chain. Ngokutsho kwedatha ye-CPIA, indlela yokuvelisa i-polysilicon ekhoyo ngoku ekhoyo kwihlabathi yindlela ye-Siemens elungisiweyo, ngaphandle kwe-China, ngaphezu kwe-95% ye-polysilicon iveliswa yindlela ye-Siemens eguquliweyo. Kwinkqubo yokulungiselela i-polysilicon ngendlela ephuculweyo ye-Siemens, okokuqala, igesi ye-chlorine idityaniswe negesi ye-hydrogen ukuvelisa i-hydrogen chloride, kwaye emva koko isabela nge-silicon powder emva kokutyunyuzwa kunye nokusila i-silicon ye-industrial ukuvelisa i-trichlorosilane, eyancipha ngakumbi. igesi ye-hydrogen ukwenza i-polysilicon. I-silicon ye-polycrystalline inokunyibilika kwaye ipholile ukwenza i-polycrystalline ingots ye-silicon, kunye ne-silicon ye-monocrystalline nayo inokuveliswa yi-Czochralski okanye i-zone melting. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-polycrystalline silicon, i-silicon eyodwa ye-crystal yenziwe ngeenkozo ze-crystal ezine-crystal orientation efanayo, ngoko ke inokusebenza kombane okungcono kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa. Zombini ii-ingots ze-polycrystalline silicon kunye neentonga ze-silicon ze-monocrystalline zinokunqunyulwa ngakumbi kwaye zicutshungulwe kwii-silicon wafers kunye neeseli, ezithi zona zibe ziinxalenye eziphambili zeemodyuli ze-photovoltaic kwaye zisetyenziswe kwibala le-photovoltaic. Ukongeza, ii-crystal silicon wafers ziyakwazi ukubunjwa zibe ngamaqhekeza e-silicon ngokusila ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukupolisha, i-epitaxy, ukucoca kunye nezinye iinkqubo, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe njengezinto ezingaphantsi kwezixhobo zombane ze-semiconductor.
Umxholo wokungcola we-polysilicon ufunwa ngokungqongqo, kwaye imboni ineempawu zotyalo-mali oluphezulu kunye nemiqobo ephezulu yobugcisa. Kuba ukucoceka kwepolysilicon kuya kuchaphazela kakhulu inkqubo yokuzoba ye-crystal silicon enye, iimfuno zokucoceka zingqongqo kakhulu. Ubuncinci bokucoceka kwepolysilicon yi-99.9999%, kwaye iphakamileyo isondele ngokungenasiphelo kwi-100%. Ukongezelela, imigangatho yelizwe laseChina ibeka phambili iimfuno ezicacileyo zomxholo wokungcola, kwaye ngokusekelwe kule nto, i-polysilicon ihlukaniswe ngamabakala I, II, kunye ne-III, apho umxholo we-boron, i-phosphorus, i-oksijini kunye nekhabhoni isalathiso esibalulekileyo sokubhekisela. I-"Polysilicon Industry Access Conditions" imisela ukuba amashishini kufuneka abe nenkqubo evakalayo yokuhlola umgangatho kunye nolawulo, kunye nemigangatho yemveliso ithobela ngokungqongqo imigangatho yesizwe; Ukongeza, iimeko zokufikelela nazo zifuna isikali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kumashishini okuvelisa i-polysilicon, njenge-solar-grade, i-electronic-grade polysilicon Isikali seprojekthi sikhulu kune-3000 yeetoni / ngonyaka kunye ne-1000 yeetoni / ngonyaka ngokulandelelana, kunye nomlinganiselo omncinci wenkunzi. kutyalo-mali lolwakhiwo olutsha kunye nolwakhiwo ngokutsha kunye neeprojekthi zokwandisa aziyi kuba ngaphantsi kwe-30%, ngoko ke i-polysilicon lishishini elinongxowankulu. Ngokwezibalo ze-CPIA, iindleko zotyalo-mali ze-10,000-toni ye-polysilicon yomgca wezixhobo zokuvelisa ezifakwe ekusebenzeni ngo-2021 ziye zanda kancinci ukuya kwi-103 yezigidi zeeyuan/kt. Isizathu sokunyuka kwexabiso lezinto ezininzi zetsimbi. Kulindeleke ukuba iindleko zotyalo-mali kwixesha elizayo ziya kunyuka kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yezixhobo zemveliso kunye nokuncipha kwe-monomer njengoko ubungakanani bukhula. Ngokwemigaqo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-polysilicon yokunciphisa i-solar-grade kunye ne-electronic-grade Czochralski kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-60 kWh / kg kunye ne-100 kWh / kg ngokulandelanayo, kwaye iimfuno zezibonakaliso zokusetyenziswa kwamandla zingqongqo. Imveliso yePolysilicon ithande ukuba kwishishini lemichiza. Inkqubo yokuvelisa inzima kakhulu, kwaye umda weendlela zobugcisa, ukukhethwa kwezixhobo, ukuthunyelwa kunye nokusebenza kuphezulu. Inkqubo yokuvelisa ibandakanya ukuphendulwa kweekhemikhali ezininzi eziyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye inani leendawo zokulawula zingaphezu kwe-1,000. Kunzima kubangeneli abatsha Ngokukhawuleza lawula ubugcisa obuqolileyo. Ke ngoko, kukho imali ephezulu kunye nezithintelo zobugcisa kwishishini lemveliso ye-polysilicon, ekwakhuthaza abavelisi bepolysilicon ukuba benze ukulungelelaniswa okungqongqo kobugcisa bokuhamba kwenkqubo, ukupakishwa kunye nenkqubo yokuthutha.
2. Ukuhlelwa kwePolysilicon: ukucoceka kumisela ukusetyenziswa, kwaye ibakala lelanga lithatha indawo eqhelekileyo
I-silicon ye-polycrystalline, uhlobo lwe-silicon ye-elemental, yenziwe ngeenkozo ze-crystal ezine-orientation ye-crystal eyahlukeneyo, kwaye ihlanjululwe ngokukodwa yi-industrial silicon processing. Imbonakalo yepolysilicon yintsimbi engwevu ibengezela, kwaye indawo yokunyibilika imalunga ne-1410 ℃. Ayisebenzi kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi kwaye iyasebenza ngakumbi kwimeko enyibilikileyo. I-Polysilicon ineempawu ze-semiconductor kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye igqwesileyo imathiriyeli ye-semiconductor, kodwa inani elincinci lokungcola linokuchaphazela kakhulu ukuqhuba kwayo. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuhlela iipolysilicon. Ukongeza kolu luhlu lukhankanywe ngasentla ngokwemigangatho yesizwe yaseTshayina, iindlela ezintathu ezibalulekileyo zokuhlela ziyaziswa apha. Ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokucoceka kunye nokusetyenziswa, i-polysilicon inokohlulwa ibe yi-polysilicon ye-solar-grade kunye ne-electronic-grade polysilicon. I-polysilicon ye-Solar-grade isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yeeseli ze-photovoltaic, ngelixa i-polysilicon ye-electronic-grade isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumzi mveliso wesekethe odibeneyo njengento ekrwada yeechips kunye nezinye imveliso. Ukucoceka kwe-polysilicon ye-solar-grade yi-6 ~ 8N, oko kukuthi, umxholo wokungcola opheleleyo kufuneka ube ngaphantsi kwe-10 -6, kwaye ukucoceka kwe-polysilicon kufuneka kufikelele kwi-99.9999% okanye ngaphezulu. Iimfuno zokucoceka kwe-polysilicon ye-electronic-grade zingqongqo, kunye nobuncinci be-9N kunye nobuninzi bangoku be-12N. Ukuveliswa kwe-polysilicon yomgangatho we-elektroniki kunzima. Kukho amashishini ambalwa aseTshayina aphumelele itekhnoloji yokuvelisa i-polysilicon yomgangatho we-elektroniki, kwaye asaxhomekeke ekuthengeni ngaphandle. Okwangoku, imveliso ye-polysilicon ye-solar-grade inkulu kakhulu kune-polysilicon ye-electronic-grade, kwaye yangaphambili malunga ne-13.8 yamaxesha amva.
Ngokomahluko wokungcola kwe-doping kunye nodidi lwe-conductivity yezinto ze-silicon, zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-P-uhlobo kunye nohlobo lwe-N. Xa i-silicon ifakwe kwizinto zokungahlambuluki zokumkela, ezifana ne-boron, i-aluminium, i-gallium, njl., ilawulwa yi-hole conduction kwaye i-P-type. Xa i-silicon ifakwe kwizinto ezingcolileyo zabaxhasi, ezifana ne-phosphorus, i-arsenic, i-antimony, njl., ilawulwa yi-electron conduction kwaye i-N-type. Iibhetri zohlobo lwe-P ikakhulu ziquka iibhetri zeBSF kunye neebhetri zePERC. Ngo-2021, iibhetri ze-PERC ziya kuphendula ngaphezu kwe-91% yemarike yehlabathi, kwaye iibhetri ze-BSF ziya kupheliswa. Ngexesha apho i-PERC ithatha indawo ye-BSF, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kweeseli zohlobo lwe-P kuye kwanda ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe-20% ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-23%, malunga nokusondela kumda ophezulu wethiyori we-24.5%, ngelixa umda ophezulu we-N- iiseli zohlobo lwe-28.7%, kunye neeseli ze-N zinefuthe eliphezulu lokuguqulwa, Ngenxa yeenzuzo zomlinganiselo ophezulu we-bifacial kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi yokushisa, iinkampani ziye zaqala ukuhambisa imigca yokuvelisa ubuninzi beebhetri ze-N. Ngokoqikelelo lwe-CPIA, umyinge webhetri yohlobo lwe-N uza kunyuka kakhulu ukusuka kwi-3% ukuya kwi-13.4% ngo-2022. Ngokomgangatho ohlukeneyo womphezulu, unokwahlulwa kwizinto ezixineneyo, izinto ze-cauliflower kunye ne-coral material. Umphezulu wezinto ezixineneyo unelona nqanaba lisezantsi lokuxinana, ngaphantsi kwe-5mm, akukho mbala ungaqhelekanga, akukho interlayer oxidation, kunye nexabiso eliphezulu; umphezulu wezinto ze-cauliflower unomlinganiselo ophakathi we-concavity, i-5-20mm, icandelo liphakathi, kwaye ixabiso liphakathi koluhlu; ngelixa umphezulu we-coral material ine-concavity enzulu, Ubunzulu bukhulu kune-20mm, icandelo likhululekile, kwaye ixabiso liphantsi. Izinto ezixineneyo zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuzoba isilicon ye-monocrystalline, ngelixa izinto zecauliflower kunye ne-coral zisetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-polycrystalline silicon wafers. Kwimveliso yemihla ngemihla yamashishini, izinto ezixineneyo zinokuthi zifakwe ngaphantsi kwe-30% ye-cauliflower impahla ukuvelisa i-silicon ye-monocrystalline. Iindleko zezinto eziluhlaza zingagcinwa, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ze-cauliflower kuya kunciphisa i-crystal yokutsala ukusebenza kakuhle kwinqanaba elithile. Amashishini kufuneka akhethe umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wedoping emva kokulinganisa ezi zimbini. Kutshanje, umahluko wexabiso phakathi kwezinto ezixineneyo kunye nezinto zecauliflower uzinzile ngokwesiseko kwi-3 RMB / kg. Ukuba umahluko wexabiso uye wandiswa ngakumbi, iinkampani zinokuthatha idoping ngaphezulu kwemathiriyeli yecauliflower ekutsalweni kwesilicon ye-monocrystalline.
3. Inkqubo: Indlela ye-Siemens ithatha indawo eqhelekileyo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuba ngundoqo kwinguqu yezobuchwepheshe
Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-polysilicon yahlulwe ngokufanelekileyo ibe ngamanyathelo amabini. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, i-silicon powder ye-industrial iphendulwa nge-anhydrous hydrogen chloride ukufumana i-trichlorosilane kunye ne-hydrogen. Emva kwe-distillation ephindaphindiweyo kunye nokuhlanjululwa, i-trichlorosilane ye-gaseous, i-dichlorodihydrosilicon kunye ne-Silane; Isinyathelo sesibini kukunciphisa i-gas ephezulu echazwe ngasentla kwi-silicon ye-crystalline, kwaye inyathelo lokunciphisa lihlukile kwindlela ye-Siemens eguquliweyo kunye ne-silane fluidized bed method. Indlela ephuculweyo ye-Siemens inobuchwephesha bokuvelisa obuvuthiweyo kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wemveliso, kwaye okwangoku iteknoloji yokuvelisa isetyenziswa kakhulu. Indlela yokuvelisa ye-Siemens kukusebenzisa iklorini kunye ne-hydrogen ukudibanisa i-anhydrous hydrogen chloride, i-hydrogen chloride kunye ne-silicon yomgubo we-industry ukudibanisa i-trichlorosilane kwiqondo elithile lobushushu, kwaye emva koko yahlula, ukulungisa nokuhlambulula i-trichlorosilane. I-silicon ifumana impendulo yokunciphisa i-thermal kwisithando sokunciphisa i-hydrogen ukuze ifumane i-silicon esisiseko efakwe kwi-silicon core. Ngesi siseko, inkqubo ye-Siemens ephuculweyo ixhotyiswe ngenkqubo exhasayo yokubuyisela kwakhona isixa esikhulu semveliso efana ne-hydrogen, i-hydrogen chloride, kunye ne-silicon tetrachloride eveliswe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ngokukodwa kubandakanywa ukubuyiswa kwegesi yomsila kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe i-silicon tetrachloride. iteknoloji. I-Hydrogen, i-hydrogen chloride, i-trichlorosilane, kunye ne-silicon tetrachloride kwi-exhaust gas iyahlukana ngokubuyisela okomileyo. I-Hydrogen kunye ne-hydrogen chloride ingaphinda isetyenziswe kwi-synthesis kunye nokuhlanjululwa nge-trichlorosilane, kwaye i-trichlorosilane iphinda isetyenziswe ngokuthe ngqo ekunciphiseni ukushisa. Ukucoca kuqhutyelwa kwisithando somlilo, kwaye i-silicon tetrachloride i-hydrogenated ukuvelisa i-trichlorosilane, engasetyenziselwa ukuhlanjululwa. Eli nyathelo likwabizwa ngokuba lunyango lwe-hydrogenation ebandayo. Ngokuqaphela ukuveliswa kweesekethe ezivaliweyo, amashishini anokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza kunye nombane, ngaloo ndlela egcina ngokufanelekileyo iindleko zokuvelisa.
Iindleko zokuvelisa i-polysilicon usebenzisa indlela ephuculweyo ye-Siemens e-China iquka izinto eziluhlaza, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukuhla kwexabiso, iindleko zokucubungula, njl. Izinto eziluhlaza zibhekisa ikakhulu kwi-silicon yeshishini kunye ne-trichlorosilane, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kubandakanya umbane kunye nomphunga, kwaye iindleko zokusetyenzwa zibhekisa kwiindleko zokuhlola kunye nokulungiswa kwezixhobo zokuvelisa. Ngokwezibalo ze-Baichuan Yingfu kwiindleko zokuvelisa i-polysilicon ekuqaleni kukaJuni ka-2022, izinto ezibonakalayo zezona zinto zixabisa kakhulu, zibalelwa kwi-41% yeendleko ezipheleleyo, apho i-silicon ye-industrial ingumthombo oyintloko we-silicon. Ukusetyenziswa kweyunithi ye-silicon esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwishishini kubonisa inani le-silicon esetyenzisiweyo ngeyunithi yeemveliso ze-silicon ezicocekileyo. Indlela yokubala kukuguqula zonke izinto ezine-silicon ezifana ne-silicon powder kunye ne-trichlorosilane kwi-silicon ecocekileyo, kwaye emva koko kutsalwe i-chlorosilane ephuma ngaphandle ngokweSixa se-silicon ecocekileyo eguqulelwe kwi-silicon content ratio. Ngokutsho kwedatha ye-CPIA, inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kwe-silicon liya kuhla nge-0.01 kg / kg-Si ukuya kwi-1.09 kg / kg-Si ngo-2021. Kulindeleke ukuba ngokuphucula unyango olubandayo lwe-hydrogenation kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemveliso, kulindeleke ukuba ukunciphisa ukuya kwi-1.07 kg / kg ngo-2030. kg-Si. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, ukusetyenziswa kwesilicon kwiinkampani ezintlanu eziphezulu zaseTshayina kwishishini lepolysilicon kusezantsi kunomndilili weshishini. Kuyaziwa ukuba ezimbini zazo ziya kudla i-1.08 kg / kg-Si kunye ne-1.05 kg / kg-Si ngokulandelanayo kwi-2021. Inxalenye yesibini ephezulu yokusetyenziswa kwamandla, i-akhawunti ye-32% iyonke, apho umbane ubalelwa kwi-30% yombane. indleko iyonke, ebonisa ukuba ixabiso lombane kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kusezizinto ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-polysilicon. Izalathi ezibini eziphambili zokulinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kukusetyenziswa kwamandla okubanzi kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okunciphisa kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokunciphisa i-trichlorosilane kunye ne-hydrogen ukuvelisa imathiriyeli ye-silicon ecocekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kubandakanya i-silicon core preheating kunye nokubekwa. , ukugcinwa kobushushu, ukuphela kokuphuma komoya kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngo-2021, ngenkqubela yetekhnoloji kunye nokusetyenziswa okubanzi kwamandla, umndilili wokusetyenziswa kwamandla abanzi kwimveliso ye-polysilicon uya kuncipha nge-5.3% unyaka nonyaka ukuya kwi-63kWh/kg-Si, kwaye umyinge wokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuya kuncipha nge-6.1% ngonyaka- kunyaka ukuya kuma-46kWh/kg-Si, ekulindeleke ukuba yehle ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo. . Ukongeza, ukuhla kwexabiso kukwayinto ebalulekileyo yeendleko, kubalelwa kwi-17%. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba, ngokwedatha ye-Baichuan Yingfu, ixabiso lilonke lemveliso ye-polysilicon ekuqaleni kukaJuni ka-2022 yayimalunga ne-55,816 yuan / toni, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-polysilicon kwimarike yayimalunga ne-260,000 ye-yuan / toni, kunye nomda wenzuzo enkulu. ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70% okanye ngaphezulu, ngoko ke yatsala inani elikhulu lamaShishini atyala imali ekwakhiweni komthamo wemveliso yepolysilicon.
Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokuba abavelisi be-polysilicon banciphise iindleko, enye kukunciphisa iindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo, kwaye enye kukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto eziluhlaza, abavelisi banokunciphisa ixabiso lezinto eziphathekayo ngokusayina izivumelwano zentsebenziswano zexesha elide kunye nabavelisi be-silicon yezoshishino, okanye ukwakha amandla okuvelisa adibeneyo phezulu nasezantsi. Umzekelo, izityalo zokuvelisa i-polysilicon ngokusisiseko zixhomekeke kubonelelo lwazo lwe-silicon yeshishini. Ngokumalunga nokusetyenziswa kombane, abavelisi banokunciphisa iindleko zombane ngokusebenzisa amaxabiso aphantsi ombane kunye nokuphuculwa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla okubanzi. Ngokumalunga ne-70% yokusetyenziswa kombane ngokubanzi kukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kombane, kunye nokunciphisa kwakhona ikhonkco eliphambili ekuveliseni i-silicon ye-crystalline ecocekileyo. Ke ngoko, uninzi lwemveliso yepolysilicon eTshayina igxile kwimimandla enamaxabiso aphantsi ombane njengeXinjiang, i-Inner Mongolia, iSichuan kunye neYunnan. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nokuqhubela phambili komgaqo-nkqubo weekhabhoni ezimbini, kunzima ukufumana isixa esikhulu semithombo yamandla exabiso eliphantsi. Ke ngoko, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ukuze kucuthwe kukwehliswa kweendleko okunokwenzeka ngakumbi namhlanje. Indlela. Okwangoku, indlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okunciphisa kukwandisa inani le-silicon cores kwisithando somlilo sokunciphisa, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa ukuveliswa kweyunithi enye. Okwangoku, iintlobo zesithando zokunciphisa eziqhelekileyo e-China ziyi-36 izibini zeentonga, ii-40 pair of rods kunye ne-48 pair of sticks. Uhlobo lwesithando somlilo luphuculwe ukuya kwii-60 pairs of rods kunye ne-72 pair of rods, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, likwabeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu kumgangatho wethekhnoloji yemveliso yamashishini.
Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela ephuculweyo ye-Siemens, indlela yebhedi ye-silane fluidized ineenzuzo ezintathu, enye iphantsi kokusetyenziswa kwamandla, enye imveliso yokutsalwa kwekristale ephezulu, kwaye eyesithathu kukuba ithandeka ngakumbi ukudibanisa ne-CCZ eqhubekayo yobuchwepheshe beCzochralski. Ngokutsho kwedatha yeSilicon Industry Branch, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okubanzi kwendlela yokulala ye-silane fluidized bed yi-33.33% yendlela ephuculweyo ye-Siemens, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okunciphisa i-10% yendlela ephuculweyo ye-Siemens. Indlela yebhedi ye-silane fluidized ineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngokumalunga nokutsalwa kwekristale, iipropathi ezibonakalayo ze-silicon yegranular zinokwenza kube lula ukuzalisa ngokupheleleyo i-quartz crucible kwi-crystal silicon yokutsala intonga. I-silicon ye-polycrystalline kunye ne-silicon ye-granular inokunyusa umthamo wokutshaja we-firnace crucible nge-29%, ngelixa inciphisa ixesha lokutshaja nge-41%, iphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsala kwe-silicon enye ye-crystal. Ukongeza, i-silicon yegranular inobubanzi obuncinci kunye ne-fluidity enhle, efanelekileyo ngakumbi kwindlela ye-CCZ eqhubekayo yeCzochralski. Okwangoku, iteknoloji ephambili yokutsala i-crystal eyodwa phakathi kunye nokufikelela okuphantsi yi-RCZ enye ye-crystal re-casting method, eyondla ngokutsha kunye nokutsala i-crystal emva kokuba intonga ye-crystal silicon itsalwa. Umzobo wenziwa ngexesha elifanayo, eligcina ixesha lokupholisa intonga ye-crystal ye-silicon enye, ngoko ke ukusebenza kwemveliso kuphezulu. Ukuphuhliswa okukhawulezayo kwendlela ye-CCZ eqhubekayo yeCzochralski kuya kuqhuba imfuno ye-silicon yegranular. Nangona i-silicon yegranular inezinto ezingeloncedo, ezinje ngomgubo wesilicon ongaphezulu oveliswa kukukhuhlana, indawo enkulu yomphezulu kunye nokufakwa lula kwezingcoliso, kunye nehydrogen edityaniswe kwihydrogen ngexesha lokunyibilika, ekulula ukuyibangela ukutsiba, kodwa ngokwezibhengezo zamva nje zesilicon yegranular efanelekileyo. amashishini, ezi ngxaki ziyaphuculwa kwaye kukho inkqubela eyenziweyo.
Inkqubo yebhedi ye-silane fluidized ivuthiwe eYurophu nase-United States, kwaye iqala emva kokuqaliswa kwamashishini aseTshayina. Kwangoo-1980s, i-silicon yegranular yangaphandle emelwe yi-REC kunye ne-MEMC yaqala ukuphonononga ukuveliswa kwesilicon yegranular kwaye yaqonda imveliso enkulu. Phakathi kwabo, umthamo we-REC wemveliso ye-silicon yegranular yafikelela kwi-10,500 yeetoni / ngonyaka kwi-2010, kwaye xa kuthelekiswa nabalingani bayo be-Siemens ngexesha elifanayo, yayinenzuzo yeendleko ze-US $ 2-3 / kg. Ngenxa yeemfuno zokutsalwa kwekristale enye, imveliso ye-silicon yegranular yadodobala kwaye ekugqibeleni yayeka imveliso, yajikela kwishishini elidibeneyo neTshayina ukuseka ishishini lokuvelisa ukuzibandakanya kwimveliso yesilicon yegranular.
4. Imathiriyeli ekrwada: I-silicon yeshishini yeyona nto iphambili, kwaye unikezelo lunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokwandiswa kwepolysilicon.
I-silicon yoshishino yeyona nto iphambili kwimveliso yepolysilicon. Kulindeleke ukuba imveliso ye-silicon yezoshishino yase-China iya kukhula ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka ku-2022 ukuya ku-2025. Ukususela ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2021, imveliso ye-silicon yezoshishino yaseChina ikwinqanaba lokwandiswa, kunye nomyinge wokukhula wonyaka womthamo wemveliso kunye nemveliso ifikelela kwi-7.4% kunye ne-8.6%, ngokulandelelanayo. . Ngokwedatha yeSMM, okusanda kwandaamandla emveliso yesilicone-China iya kuba yi-890,000 yeetoni kunye ne-1.065 yezigidi zeetoni kwi-2022 kunye ne-2023. Ukucinga ukuba iinkampani ze-silicon ziseza kugcina izinga lokusebenzisa amandla kunye nesantya sokusebenza esimalunga ne-60% kwixesha elizayo, i-China isanda ukwanda.umthamo wemveliso ngo-2022 kunye no-2023 uya kuzisa ukwanda kwemveliso yeetoni ezingama-320,000 kunye neetoni ezingama-383,000. Ngokoqikelelo lwe-GFCI,Umthamo wokuvelisa i-silicon yezoshishino kwi-22/23/24/25 imalunga ne-5.90/697/6.71/6.5 yeetoni zezigidi, ehambelana ne-3.55/391/4.18/4.38 yeetoni zezigidi.
Izinga lokukhula kweendawo ezimbini ezisezantsi zomlambo we-silicon ye-superimposed iyancipha, kwaye imveliso ye-silicon ye-industrial yase-China inokuhlangabezana nokuveliswa kwe-polysilicon. Ngo-2021, amandla okuvelisa i-silicon ye-industry iya kuba yi-5.385 yezigidi zeetoni, ehambelana nemveliso ye-3.213 yezigidi zeetoni, apho i-polysilicon, i-organic silicon, kunye ne-alloys ye-aluminium iya kudla iitoni ezingama-623,000, iitoni ezingama-898,000, kunye neetoni ezingama-649,000 ngokulandelelana. Ukongeza, phantse iitoni ezingama-780,000 zemveliso zisetyenziselwa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle. Ngo-2021, ukusetyenziswa kwe-polysilicon, i-silicon ephilayo, kunye ne-aluminium alloys kuya kuba ne-19%, i-28%, kunye ne-20% ye-silicon yezoshishino, ngokulandelanayo. Ukususela ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2025, izinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwe-silicon ephilayo kulindeleke ukuba lihlale limalunga ne-10%, kwaye izinga lokukhula kwemveliso ye-aluminium alloy lingaphantsi kwe-5%. Ngoko ke, sikholelwa ukuba inani le-silicon ye-industrial engasetyenziselwa i-polysilicon kwi-2022-2025 yanele ngokwaneleyo, enokuthi ihlangabezane ngokupheleleyo neemfuno ze-polysilicon. iimfuno zemveliso.
5. Ubonelelo lwePolysilicon:eTshayinaithatha indawo ephambili, kwaye imveliso ngokuthe ngcembe iqokelelana kumashishini aphambili
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi iye yanda unyaka nonyaka, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe iqokelele e-China. Ukususela kwi-2017 ukuya kwi-2021, imveliso ye-polysilicon yonyaka yehlabathi inyuke ukusuka kwiitoni ezingama-432,000 ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-631,000, kunye nokukhula okukhawulezayo ngo-2021, kunye nesantya sokukhula kwe-21.11%. Ngeli xesha, imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi ngokuthe ngcembe igxininise e-China , kwaye inxalenye yemveliso ye-polysilicon yase-China inyuke ukusuka kwi-56.02% ngo-2017 ukuya kwi-80.03% ngo-2021. ifumene ukuba inani leenkampani zaseTshayina liye landa ukusuka kwi-4 ukuya kwi-8, kwaye umlinganiselo wemveliso yezinye iinkampani zaseMelika kunye neKorea ziye zehla kakhulu, ziphuma kumaqela alishumi aphezulu, njenge-HEMOLOCK, OCI, REC kunye ne-MEMC; Ugxininiso loshishino lunyuke kakhulu, kwaye umthamo wemveliso yeenkampani ezilishumi eziphezulu kushishino unyuke ukusuka kwi-57.7% ukuya kwi-90.3%. Ngo-2021, kukho iinkampani ezintlanu zaseTshayina ezibalelwa ngaphezu kwe-10% yamandla okuvelisa, ezibalelwa kwi-65.7 iyonke. . Kukho izizathu ezithathu eziphambili zokudluliselwa ngokuthe ngcembe kweshishini lepolysilicon ukuya eTshayina. Okokuqala, abavelisi be-polysilicon baseTshayina banenzuzo ebalulekileyo ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezibonakalayo, umbane kunye neendleko zabasebenzi. Imivuzo yabasebenzi iphantsi kunaleyo yamazwe angaphandle, ngoko ke iindleko zemveliso zizonke e-China ziphantsi kakhulu kunezo zamazwe angaphandle, kwaye ziya kuqhubeka zihla ngenkqubela yezobuchwepheshe; okwesibini, umgangatho weemveliso ze-polysilicon zaseTshayina ziphucula rhoqo, uninzi lwazo zikwinqanaba lokuqala lodidi lokuqala lwelanga, kwaye amashishini aphambili akwimfuno zokucoceka. Kwenziwe impumelelo kwitekhnoloji yemveliso yepolysilicon yodidi oluphezulu lwe-elektroniki, ngokuthe ngcembe ingenisa ukutshintshwa kwepolysilicon yasekhaya yodidi lwe-elektroniki ukuze ingeniswe kumazwe angaphandle, kwaye amashishini aphambili aseTshayina akhuthalele ukukhuthaza ulwakhiwo lweeprojekthi zepolysilicon zodidi lwe-elektroniki. Imveliso ye-silicon wafers e-China ingaphezulu kwe-95% yemveliso yehlabathi iyonke, ethe ngokuthe ngcembe yanyusa izinga lokuzanelisa kwe-polysilicon yase-China, eye yacinezela intengiso yamashishini epolysilicon aphesheya ukuya kumkhamo othile.
Ukususela kwi-2017 ukuya kwi-2021, imveliso yonyaka ye-polysilicon e-China iya kunyuka ngokukhawuleza, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezityebileyo kwimithombo yamandla njenge-Xinjiang, i-Inner Mongolia, ne-Sichuan. Ngo-2021, imveliso ye-polysilicon yaseChina iya kunyuka ukusuka kwiitoni ezingama-392,000 ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-505,000, ukwanda kwe-28.83%. Ngokubhekiselele kumthamo wemveliso, amandla emveliso yepolysilicon yaseTshayina ngokubanzi ebekwindlela enyukayo, kodwa yehlile ngo-2020 ngenxa yokuvalwa kwabavelisi abathile. Ukongeza, izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla kumashishini aseTshayina e-polysilicon liye lanyuka ngokuqhubekayo ukususela ngo-2018, kwaye izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngo-2021 liya kufikelela kwi-97.12%. Ngokubhekiselele kumaphondo, imveliso ye-polysilicon yaseChina ngo-2021 igxininiswe kwiindawo ezinamaxabiso aphantsi ombane njenge-Xinjiang, i-Inner Mongolia, kunye ne-Sichuan. Imveliso yeXinjiang ziitoni ezingama-270,400, nto leyo engaphezulu kwesiqingatha semveliso iyonke eTshayina.
Ushishino lwepolysilicon yaseTshayina luphawulwa ngeqondo eliphezulu lokugxila, ngexabiso le-CR6 le-77%, kwaye kuya kubakho enye indlela enyukayo kwixesha elizayo. Imveliso yePolysilicon lishishini elinemali ephezulu kunye nemiqobo ephezulu yobugcisa. Ukwakhiwa kweprojekthi kunye nomjikelo wemveliso udla ngokuba yiminyaka emibini okanye ngaphezulu. Kunzima ukuba abavelisi abatsha bangene kwishishini. Ukujonga kulwandiso olucwangcisiweyo olwaziwayo kunye neeprojekthi ezintsha kule minyaka mithathu izayo, abavelisi be-oligopolistic kushishino baya kuqhubeka nokwandisa umthamo wabo wemveliso ngenxa yetekhnoloji yabo kunye neenzuzo zesikali, kwaye isikhundla sabo sodwa siya kuqhubeka sikhula.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba unikezelo lwepolysilicon yaseTshayina luya kuzisa ukukhula okukhulu ukusuka ku-2022 ukuya ku-2025, kwaye imveliso yepolysilicon iya kufikelela kwi-1.194 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2025, iqhuba ukwandiswa kwesikali semveliso yepolysilicon yehlabathi. Kwi-2021, ngokunyuka okubukhali kwixabiso le-polysilicon e-China, abavelisi abakhulu baye batyala imali ekwakhiweni kwemigca emitsha yokuvelisa, kwaye ngelo xesha bakhanga abavelisi abatsha ukuba bajoyine ishishini. Kuba iiprojekthi zepolysilicon ziyakuthatha ubuncinci unyaka onesiqingatha ukuya kwiminyaka emibini ukusuka ekwakhiweni ukuya kwimveliso, ulwakhiwo olutsha ngo-2021 luya kugqitywa. Umthamo wemveliso ufakwa ngokubanzi kwimveliso kwisiqingatha sesibini sika-2022 kunye no-2023. Oku kuhambelana kakhulu nezicwangciso zeprojekthi ezitsha ezichazwe ngabavelisi abakhulu ngoku. Umthamo omtsha wokuvelisa kwi-2022-2025 ugxininiswe kakhulu kwi-2022 kunye no-2023. Emva koko, njengoko ukunikezelwa kunye nokufunwa kwe-polysilicon kunye nexabiso ngokuthe ngcembe lizinzile, umthamo opheleleyo wokuvelisa kwishishini uya kuzinza ngokuthe ngcembe. Ezantsi, oko kukuthi, izinga lokukhula komthamo wemveliso liyehla ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukongeza, izinga lokusetyenziswa komthamo wamashishini epolysilicon lihleli likwinqanaba eliphezulu kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo, kodwa kuyakuthatha ixesha ukuba amandla okuvelisa iiprojekthi ezintsha anyuke, kwaye kuya kuthatha inkqubo yabangeneli abatsha ukuba bafunde kakuhle. iteknoloji yokulungiselela efanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwiiprojekthi zepolysilicon ezintsha kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo liya kuba liphantsi. Ukusuka kule nto, imveliso ye-polysilicon kwi-2022-2025 inokuqikelelwa, kwaye imveliso ye-polysilicon ngo-2025 kulindeleke ukuba ibe malunga ne-1.194 yezigidi zeetoni.
Ukugxininiswa komthamo wemveliso yaphesheya kuphezulu kakhulu, kwaye isantya kunye nesantya sokwanda kwemveliso kwiminyaka emithathu ezayo ayizukuba phezulu njengaleyo yaseTshayina. Umthamo wemveliso yepolysilicon yaphesheya igxile kakhulu kwiinkampani ezine ezikhokelayo, kwaye ezinye zincinci ubukhulu becala. Ngokumalunga nomthamo wemveliso, i-Wacker Chem ithatha isiqingatha somthamo wemveliso yepolysilicon yaphesheya. Iifektri zayo eJamani naseUnited States zinamandla okuvelisa iitoni ezingama-60,000 kunye neetoni ezingama-20,000 ngokulandelelanayo. Ukwandiswa okubukhali komthamo wemveliso yepolysilicon yehlabathi ngo-2022 nangaphaya kunokuzisa Ixhala lokufumaneka ngokugqithisileyo, inkampani isekwimeko yokulinda kwaye ayikacebi ukongeza umthamo omtsha wemveliso. I-OCI enkulu yase-Korea yase-Korea ngokuthe ngcembe ifudusa umgca wayo wokuvelisa i-polysilicon yodidi lwelanga ukuya eMalaysia ngelixa igcina umgca wemveliso wepolysilicon wodidi lwe-elektroniki e-China, ocwangciselwe ukufikelela kwiitoni ezingama-5,000 ngo-2022. Umthamo wemveliso we-OCI eMalaysia uya kufikelela kwiitoni ezingama-27,000 kwaye I-30,000 yeetoni kwi-2020 kunye ne-2021, ukufikelela kwiindleko zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nokuphepha iirhafu eziphezulu zaseTshayina kwi-polysilicon e-United States naseMzantsi Korea. Inkampani iceba ukuvelisa iitoni ezingama-95,000 kodwa umhla wokuqala awukacaci. Kulindeleke ukuba inyuke kwinqanaba leetoni ezingama-5 000 ngonyaka kule minyaka mine izayo. Inkampani yaseNorway i-REC ineziseko ezimbini zokuvelisa kwi-Washington state kunye ne-Montana, eU.SA, kunye nomthamo wonyaka wokuvelisa iitoni ze-18,000 ze-polysilicon ye-solar-grade kunye ne-2,000 yeetoni ze-polysilicon ye-electronic-grade. I-REC, eyayikuxinzelelo olunzulu lwezemali, yakhetha ukunqumamisa imveliso, kwaye emva koko yavuselelwa kukunyuka kwamaxabiso e-polysilicon ngo-2021, inkampani yagqiba ekubeni iqalise ukuvelisa iitoni ezingama-18,000 zeeprojekthi kwilizwe laseWashington kunye neetoni ezingama-2,000 eMontana ngasekupheleni kuka-2023. , kwaye inokugqiba i-ramp-up ye-production capacity kwi-2024. I-Hemlock ngumvelisi omkhulu we-polysilicon e-United States, ngokukodwa kwi-polysilicon ephezulu ye-electronic-grade. Imiqobo yobugcisa obuphezulu kwimveliso yenza kube nzima ukuba iimveliso zenkampani zitshintshwe kwimarike. Idityaniswe nento yokuba inkampani ayicwangcisi ukwakha iiprojekthi ezintsha kwiminyaka embalwa, kulindeleke ukuba amandla emveliso yenkampani abe yi-2022-2025. Isiphumo sonyaka sihleli kwi-18,000 yeetoni. Ukongeza, ngo-2021, amandla amatsha okuvelisa iinkampani ngaphandle kwezi nkampani zine zingentla ziya kuba ziitoni ezingama-5,000. Ngenxa yokungabikho kokuqonda kwezicwangciso zemveliso yazo zonke iinkampani, kucingelwa apha ukuba amandla amatsha okuvelisa aya kuba ngama-5,000 eetoni ngonyaka ukusuka kwi-2022 ukuya kwi-2025.
Ngokomthamo wemveliso yaphesheya kolwandle, kuqikelelwa ukuba imveliso yepolysilicon yaphesheya ngo-2025 iya kuba malunga neetoni ezingama-176,000, kucingelwa ukuba izinga lokusetyenziswa komthamo wepolysilicon phesheya kolwandle lihlala lingatshintshi. Emva kokuba ixabiso le-polysilicon linyuke kakhulu ngo-2021, iinkampani zaseTshayina ziye zanda imveliso kunye nokwandisa imveliso. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkampani zaphesheya zilumke ngakumbi kwizicwangciso zazo zeeprojekthi ezintsha. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukongamela kwishishini lepolysilicon sele kulawulo lwaseTshayina, kwaye ukwanda ngokungaboniyo kwemveliso kunokuzisa ilahleko. Ukusuka kwicala leendleko, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuyona nxalenye enkulu yeendleko zepolysilicon, ngoko ke ixabiso lombane libaluleke kakhulu, kwaye i-Xinjiang, i-Inner Mongolia, iSichuan kunye neminye imimandla ineenzuzo ezicacileyo. Ukusuka kwicala lemfuno, njengomlambo othe ngqo we-polysilicon, imveliso ye-silicon ye-wafer yase-China yenza ngaphezu kwe-99% yetotali yehlabathi. Ishishini elisezantsi lepolysilicon ligxile kakhulu eTshayina. Ixabiso lepolysilicon eveliswayo liphantsi, ixabiso lokuthutha liphantsi, kwaye imfuno iqinisekisiwe ngokupheleleyo. Okwesibini, i-China ibeke amaxabiso aphezulu achasene nokulahla ukuthengiswa kwe-polysilicon ye-solar-grade evela e-United States nase-South Korea, eye yacinezela kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwe-polysilicon evela e-United States nase-South Korea. Lumka xa usakha iiprojekthi ezintsha; Ukongeza, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amashishini aseTshayina aphesheya kwepolysilicon aye acotha ukuphuhlisa ngenxa yefuthe leentlawulo, kwaye eminye imigca yemveliso iye yancitshiswa okanye yade yavalwa, kwaye umlinganiselo wabo kwimveliso yehlabathi uye wancipha unyaka nonyaka, ngoko ke baya kuncipha. ayiyi kuthelekiswa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-polysilicon ngo-2021 njengenzuzo ephezulu yenkampani yaseTshayina, iimeko zezemali azanelanga ukuxhasa ukwanda kwayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nobukhulu obukhulu bomthamo wokuvelisa.
Ngokusekwe kuqikelelo olufanelekileyo lwemveliso yepolysilicon eTshayina naphesheya kolwandle ukusuka ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2025, ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lemveliso yepolysilicon yehlabathi lingashwankathelwa. Kuqikelelwa ukuba imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi jikelele ngo-2025 iya kufikelela kwi-1.371 yezigidi zeetoni. Ngokwexabiso lengqikelelo yemveliso yepolysilicon, isabelo saseTshayina sobungakanani behlabathi sinokufunyanwa ngokurhabaxa. Kulindeleke ukuba isabelo saseTshayina sikhule ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwi-2022 ukuya kwi-2025, kwaye iya kudlula i-87% kwi-2025.
6, Isishwankathelo kunye ne-Outlook
I-Polysilicon ibekwe emazantsi e-silicon yoshishino kunye nomlambo opheleleyo we-photovoltaic kunye ne-semiconductor industry chain, kwaye imeko yayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Itsheyini yeshishini le-photovoltaic ngokubanzi i-polysilicon-silicon wafer-cell-module-photovoltaic umthamo ofakiweyo, kwaye ikhonkco leshishini le-semiconductor ngokubanzi yi-polysilicon-monocrystalline silicon wafer-silicon wafer-chip. Ukusetyenziswa okwahlukeneyo kuneemfuno ezahlukeneyo kubunyulu bepolysilicon. Imboni ye-photovoltaic ikakhulu isebenzisa i-polysilicon ye-solar-grade, kwaye imboni ye-semiconductor isebenzisa i-polysilicon ye-electronic-grade. Eyangaphambili inoluhlu lokucoceka kwe-6N-8N, ngelixa lo mva lufuna ukucoceka kwe-9N okanye ngaphezulu.
Kwiminyaka, inkqubo yokuvelisa i-polysilicon ibe yindlela ephuculweyo ye-Siemens kulo lonke ihlabathi. Kwiminyaka yakutsha nje, ezinye iinkampani ziye zaphonononga ngexabiso eliphantsi indlela yebhedi ye-silane fluidized, enokuba nefuthe kwipateni yemveliso. I-polysilicon enentonga eveliswe yindlela ye-Siemens eguquliweyo ineempawu zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, ixabiso eliphezulu kunye nokucoceka okuphezulu, ngelixa i-silicon yegranular eveliswa yi-silane fluidized bed method ineempawu zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, ixabiso eliphantsi kunye nokuhlambuluka okuncinci. . Ezinye iinkampani zaseTshayina ziye zaqaphela ukuveliswa kwe-silicon yegranular kunye neteknoloji yokusebenzisa i-silicon yegranular ukutsala i-polysilicon, kodwa ayizange ikhuthazwe ngokubanzi. Ingaba i-silicon yegranular ingathatha indawo yeyokuqala kwixesha elizayo kuxhomekeke ekubeni inzuzo yeendleko inokugubungela ukusilela komgangatho, isiphumo sezicelo ezisezantsi, kunye nokuphuculwa kokhuseleko lwe-silane. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imveliso yepolysilicon yehlabathi iye yanda unyaka nonyaka, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ihlanganisana eTshayina. Ukususela kwi-2017 ukuya kwi-2021, imveliso ye-polysilicon yonyaka yehlabathi iya kunyuka ukusuka kwiitoni ezingama-432,000 ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-631,000, kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza ngo-2021. Ngeli xesha, imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi ngokuthe ngcembe yaya ngakumbi kwaye igxininise ngakumbi e-China, kwaye i-China imveliso ye-polysilicon yanda ukusuka. I-56.02% kwi-2017 ukuya kwi-80.03% kwi-2021. Ukususela kwi-2022 ukuya kwi-2025, ukunikezelwa kwepolysilicon kuya kungenisa ukukhula okukhulu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba imveliso ye-polysilicon kwi-2025 iya kuba yi-1.194 yezigidi zeetoni e-China, kwaye imveliso yaphesheya iya kufikelela kwiitoni ze-176,000. Ngoko ke, imveliso ye-polysilicon yehlabathi jikelele ngo-2025 iya kuba malunga ne-1.37 yezigidi zeetoni.
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