Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwe-lanthanide reagents kwi-organic synthesis iye yaphuhliswa ngokuxhuma kunye nemida. Phakathi kwabo, ii-reagents ezininzi ze-lanthanide zifunyenwe zine-catalysis ecacileyo ekhethiweyo ekuphenduleni ukubunjwa kwe-carbon-carbon bond; kwangaxeshanye, ii-reagents ezininzi ze-lanthanide zafunyanwa zineempawu ezibalaseleyo kwi-organic oxidation reactions kunye ne-organic reduction reactions ukuguqula amaqela asebenzayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezolimo kumhlaba onqabileyo kuyimpumelelo yophando lwezenzululwazi eneempawu zaseTshayina ezifunyenwe ngabasebenzi baseTshayina bezenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe emva kweminyaka yokusebenza kanzima, kwaye iye yakhuthazwa ngamandla njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo lokunyusa imveliso yezolimo eTshayina. I-carbonate yomhlaba enqabileyo inyibilika ngokulula kwi-asidi ukwenza iityuwa ezihambelanayo kunye nekharbhon diokside, enokuthi isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo ekudibaneni kweetyuwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye nezakhiwo ngaphandle kokwazisa ubumdaka be-anionic. Ngokomzekelo, inokusabela ngeeasidi ezinamandla ezifana ne-nitric acid, i-hydrochloric acid, i-nitric acid, i-perchloric acid, kunye ne-sulfuric acid ukuze zenze iityuwa ezinyibilikayo emanzini. Ukusabela nge-asidi ye-phosphoric kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid ukuze iguquke ibe yi-phosphates yomhlaba enqabileyo kunye ne-fluoride enganyibilikiyo. Ukusabela ngeeasidi ezininzi ze-organic ukwenza imidibaniso engqameneyo yomhlaba ephilayo. Ziyakwazi ukunyibilika i-cations eyinkimbinkimbi okanye i-anions eyinkimbinkimbi, okanye iikhompawundi ezingathathi hlangothi ezingenakunyibilika zincitshiswa ngokuxhomekeke kwixabiso lesisombululo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-carbonate yomhlaba enqabileyo inokubola ibe yi-oxides ehambelanayo nge-calcination, enokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo ekulungiseleleni izinto ezininzi ezintsha ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Okwangoku, imveliso yonyaka ye-carbonate yomhlaba enqabileyo e-China ingaphezulu kweetoni ze-10,000, ibalwa ngaphezu kwekota yazo zonke izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukuveliswa kwemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-carbonate yomhlaba enqabileyo kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ishishini lomhlaba elinqabileyo.
I-Cerium carbonate i-inorganic compound ene-chemical formula ye-C3Ce2O9, i-molecular weight ye-460, i-logP ye-7.40530, i-PSA ye-198.80000, indawo yokubilisa ye-333.6ºC kwi-760 mmHg, kunye ne-flash point ye-169.8ºC. Kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso yomhlaba onqabileyo, i-cerium carbonate yinto ephakathi ekrwada yokulungiswa kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo ze-cerium ezifana neetyuwa ezahlukeneyo ze-cerium kunye ne-cerium oxide. Inoluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa kwaye iyimveliso ebalulekileyo yomhlaba enqabileyo yokukhanya. I-hydrated cerium carbonate crystal inesakhiwo sohlobo lwe-lanthanite, kunye nesithombe sayo se-SEM sibonisa ukuba ubume obusisiseko be-hydrated cerium carbonate crystal bufana ne-flake-like, kunye neeflakes ziboshwe kunye nokusebenzisana okubuthathaka ukwenza isakhiwo esifana ne-petal, kwaye isakhiwo sikhululekile, ngoko ke phantsi kwesenzo samandla omatshini Kulula ukucandwa kwiinqununu ezincinci. I-cerium carbonate eveliswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwishishini okwangoku ine-42-46% kuphela yomhlaba onqabileyo onqabileyo emva kokumisa, okunciphisa ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-cerium carbonate.
Uhlobo lokusetyenziswa kwamanzi aphantsi, umgangatho ozinzileyo, i-cerium carbonate eveliswayo ayifuni ukuba yomiswe okanye yomiswe emva kokumiswa kwe-centrifugal, kwaye isixa esipheleleyo sehlabathi elinqabileyo linokufikelela kwi-72% ukuya kwi-74%, kwaye inkqubo ilula kwaye enye- inkqubo yenyathelo lokulungiselela i-cerium carbonate enexabiso eliphezulu lilonke lemihlaba enqabileyo. Isikimu sobugcisa silandelayo samkelwe: indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa isetyenziselwa ukulungiselela i-cerium carbonate kunye nenani eliphezulu elipheleleyo lomhlaba onqabileyo, oko kukuthi, isisombululo se-cerium feed kunye ne-mass concentration ye-CeO240-90g / L ishushu kwi-95 ° C. ukuya kwi-105 ° C, kunye ne-ammonium bicarbonate yongezwa phantsi kokuvuselela rhoqo kwi-precipitate cerium carbonate. Isixa se-ammonium bicarbonate silungelelaniswe ukuze ixabiso le-pH lolwelo lokutya lilungelelaniswe ekugqibeleni libe ngu-6.3 ukuya ku-6.5, kwaye izinga lokudibanisa lifanelekile ukuze ulwelo lwesondlo lungaphelelwa ngumkhumbi. Isisombululo se-cerium feed ubuncinane esinye se-cerium chloride isisombululo esinamanzi, i-cerium sulfate isisombululo se-aqueous okanye i-cerium nitrate isisombululo esinamanzi. Iqela le-R&D le-UrbanMines Tech. Co., Ltd. yamkela indlela entsha yokudibanisa ngokudibanisa i-ammonium bicarbonate eqinileyo okanye isisombululo se-aqueous ammonium bicarbonate.
I-cerium carbonate ingasetyenziselwa ukulungisa i-cerium oxide, i-cerium dioxide kunye nezinye izinto ezihambelanayo. Izicelo kunye nemizekelo imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
1. Iglasi e-anti-glare violet ebamba ngamandla imitha ye-ultraviolet kunye nenxalenye ephuzi yokukhanya okubonakalayo. Ngokusekwe kubume beglasi eqhelekileyo yesoda-kalika-silica edadayo, ibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo zobunzima beepesenti: i-silica 72 ~ 82%, i-sodium oxide 6 ~ 15%, i-calcium oxide 4 ~ 13%, i-magnesium oxide 2 ~ 8% , I-Alumina 0 ~ 3%, i-iron oxide 0.05 ~ 0.3%, i-cerium carbonate 0.1 ~ 3%, i-neodymium carbonate 0.4 ~ 1.2%, i-manganese dioxide 0.5 ~ 3%. Iglasi engqindilili ye-4mm inokuhanjiswa kokukhanya okubonakalayo okukhulu kune-80%, ukuhanjiswa kwe-ultraviolet ngaphantsi kwe-15%, kunye nokuhanjiswa kumaza angama-568-590 nm ngaphantsi kwe-15%.
2. Ipeyinti egcina amandla e-endothermic, ebonakaliswe ngokuba yenziwe ngokuxuba i-filler kunye ne-film-forming material, kwaye i-filler yenziwe ngokuxuba izinto eziluhlaza ezilandelayo kwiingxenye ngesisindo: 20 ukuya kwi-35 iinxalenye ze-silicon dioxide, kunye neengxenye ezi-8 ukuya kwezi-20 ze-aluminiyam oxide. , 4 ukuya kwi-10 iinxalenye ze-titanium oxide, i-4 ukuya kwi-10 iinxalenye ze-zirconia, i-1 ukuya kwi-5 iinxalenye ze-zinc oxide, i-1 ukuya kwi-5 ye-magnesium oxide, i-0.8 ukuya kwi-5 inxalenye ye-silicon carbide, i-0.02 ukuya kwi-0.5 ye-yttrium oxide kunye ne-0.01 ukuya kwi-1.5 iinxalenye zechromium oxide. iinxalenye, 0.01-1.5 iinxalenye kaolin, 0.01-1.5 iinxalenye zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, 0.8-5 iinxalenye carbon black, ubungakanani amasuntswana izinto ekrwada nganye 1-5 μm; apho, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziquka i-0.01-1.5 iinxalenye ze-lanthanum carbonate, i-0.01-1.5 iinxalenye ze-cerium carbonate 1.5 iinxalenye ze-praseodymium carbonate, i-0.01 ukuya kwi-1.5 iinxalenye ze-praseodymium carbonate, i-0.01 ukuya kwi-1.5 iindawo ze-neodymium carbonate kunye ne-10.5 ye-proxy nitrate; ifilimu yokwenza ifilimu yi-potassium sodium carbonate; i-potassium ye-sodium carbonate ixutywe kunye nobunzima obufanayo be-potassium carbonate kunye ne-sodium carbonate. Umlinganiselo wokuxuba ubunzima bokuzalisa kunye nefilimu yokwenza ifilimu ngu-2.5: 7.5, 3.8: 6.2 okanye 4.8: 5.2. Ngaphaya koko, uhlobo lolungiselelo lwepeyinti egcina amandla e-endothermic luphawulwa ngokuba luquka la manyathelo alandelayo:
Inyathelo 1, ukulungiswa kwe-filler, kuqala ukulinganisa i-20-35 ye-silica, i-8-20 ye-alumina, i-4-10 ye-titanium oxide, i-4-10 ye-zirconia, kunye ne-1-5 ye-zinc oxide ubunzima. . , I-1 ukuya kwi-5 iinxalenye ze-magnesium oxide, i-0.8 ukuya kwi-5 i-silicon carbide, i-0.02 ukuya kwi-0.5 inxalenye ye-yttrium oxide, i-0.01 ukuya kwi-1.5 i-chromium trioxide, i-0.01 ukuya kwi-1.5 i-kaolin, i-0.01 ukuya kwi-1.5 yezinto ezinqabileyo, kunye ne-rare earth, kunye ne-rare earth. I-0.8 ukuya kwi-5 iingxenye zekhabhoni emnyama, kwaye emva koko ixutywe ngokufanayo kwi-mixer ukuze ufumane i-filler; apho, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziquka i-0.01-1.5 iinxalenye ze-lanthanum carbonate, i-0.01-1.5 iinxalenye ze-cerium carbonate, i-0.01-1.5 iinxalenye ze-praseodymium carbonate, i-0.01-1.5 iinxalenye ze-neodymium carbonate kunye ne-0.01～1.5 ye-nitrate ye-pro;
Isinyathelo sesi-2, ukulungiswa kwezinto zokwenza ifilimu, ifilimu yokwenza ifilimu yi-sodium potassium carbonate; kuqala ulinganise i-potassium carbonate kunye ne-sodium carbonate ngokulandelanayo ngobunzima, uze udibanise ngokulinganayo ukuze ufumane ifilimu yokwenza ifilimu; i-sodium potassium carbonate Ubunzima obufanayo be-potassium carbonate kunye ne-sodium carbonate zixutywe;
Isinyathelo sesi-3, umxube wokuxuba wokuzalisa kunye nefilimu ngesisindo ngu-2.5: 7.5, 3.8: 6.2 okanye 4.8: 5.2, kwaye umxube uxutywe ngokufanayo kwaye uhlakazwe ukuze ufumane umxube;
Kwinqanaba lesi-4, umxube uxutywe ngebhola kwiiyure ezingama-6-8, kwaye ke imveliso egqityiweyo ifunyenwe ngokudlula isikrini, kwaye i-mesh yesikrini i-1-5 μm.
3. Ukulungiswa kwe-ultrafine cerium oxide: Ukusebenzisa i-hydrated cerium carbonate njenge-precursor, i-ultrafine cerium oxide ene-particle ye-particle ephakathi engaphantsi kwe-3 μm yalungiswa ngebhola ngqo yokugaya kunye ne-calcination. Iimveliso ezifunyenweyo zonke zinesakhiwo se-cubic fluorite. Njengoko ubushushu be-calcination bukhula, ubungakanani bamasuntswana eemveliso buyancipha, ukusabalalisa ubungakanani be-particle buba buncinci kwaye i-crystallinity iyanda. Nangona kunjalo, isakhono sokupholisha seeglasi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo sibonise ixabiso eliphezulu phakathi kwe-900 ℃ kunye ne-1000 ℃. Ngoko ke, kukholelwa ukuba izinga lokususwa kwezinto zeglasi ngexesha lenkqubo yokupholisa lichaphazeleka kakhulu ngobungakanani be-particle, i-crystallinity kunye nomsebenzi ongaphezulu wepowder polishing.