Cobalt ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabatire ambiri agalimoto yamagetsi. Nkhani ndi yakuti Tesla adzagwiritsa ntchito mabatire "opanda cobalt", koma "chithandizo" cha cobalt ndi chiyani? Ndifotokoza mwachidule kuchokera ku chidziwitso choyambirira chomwe mukufuna kudziwa.
Dzina lake ndi Conflict Minerals Ochokera ku Chiwanda
Kodi mukudziwa cobalt element? Osati kokha mu mabatire a magalimoto amagetsi (EVs) ndi mafoni a m'manja, komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzitsulo zazitsulo za cobalt zosagwira kutentha monga injini za jet ndi ma drill bits, maginito oyankhula, ndipo, zodabwitsa, kuyeretsa mafuta. Cobalt amatchulidwa dzina la "Kobold," chilombo chomwe chimapezeka kawirikawiri m'nthano za sayansi ya ndende, ndipo amakhulupirira ku Ulaya akale kuti amaponya matsenga pamigodi kuti apange zitsulo zovuta komanso zoopsa. ndichoncho.
Tsopano, kaya mumgodi muli zilombo kapena ayi, cobalt ndi poizoni ndipo imatha kubweretsa zoopsa paumoyo monga pneumoconiosis ngati simuvala zida zodzitetezera. Ndipo ngakhale kuti Democratic Republic of Congo imapanga zoposa theka la cobalt padziko lapansi, mgodi waung'ono (Artisanal mine) kumene anthu osauka opanda ntchito akukumba maenje ndi zida zosavuta popanda maphunziro otetezeka. ), Ngozi za kugwa zimachitika kawirikawiri, ana amakakamizika kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali ndi malipiro ochepa a yen 200 patsiku, ndipo ngakhale Amatsu ndi gwero la ndalama zamagulu ankhondo, kotero cobalt ili pambali pa golide, tungsten, malata, ndi tantalum. , Anadzatchedwa kuti mchere wotsutsana.
Komabe, ndi kufalikira kwa ma EVs ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion, m'zaka zaposachedwa makampani apadziko lonse ayamba kufufuza ngati cobalt yopangidwa ndi njira zosayenera, kuphatikizapo cobalt oxide ndi cobalt hydroxide, ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mwachitsanzo, zimphona zazikulu za batri CATL ndi LG Chem zikugwira nawo ntchito yotsogozedwa ndi China "Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)", makamaka akugwira ntchito yothetsa ntchito za ana.
Mu 2018, Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), bungwe lazamalonda la cobalt, lidakhazikitsidwa ngati njira yolimbikitsira kuwonekera komanso kuvomerezeka kwa migodi ya cobalt. Omwe atenga nawo gawo akuphatikizapo Tesla, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion, kuyambitsa kwa Germany EV Sono Motors, chimphona cha Swiss Resource Glencore, ndi Huayu Cobalt waku China.
Kuyang'ana Japan, Sumitomo Chitsulo Migodi Co., Ltd., amene wholesales zabwino elekitirodi zipangizo kwa mabatire lifiyamu-ion kuti Panasonic, anakhazikitsa "ndondomeko pa udindo Kugula Cobalt yaiwisi Zida" mu August 2020 ndipo anayamba khama ndi kuwunika. pansi.
M'tsogolomu, pamene makampani akuluakulu adzayambitsa ntchito zamigodi zoyendetsedwa bwino, ogwira ntchito adzayenera kuika pangozi ndikulowa m'migodi yaing'ono, ndipo zofuna zidzachepa pang'onopang'ono.
Zowoneka kusowa kwa cobalt
Pakali pano, chiwerengero cha EVs akadali ochepa, ndi okwana 7 miliyoni, kuphatikizapo 2.1 miliyoni anagulitsidwa padziko lonse mu 2019. Komano, chiwerengero cha magalimoto injini padziko lapansi akuti 1 biliyoni kapena 1.3 biliyoni, ndipo ngati magalimoto a petulo adzathetsedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi ma EV mtsogolomu, pafunika kuchuluka kwa cobalt cobalt oxide ndi cobalt hydroxide.
Chiwerengero chonse cha cobalt chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mabatire a EV mu 2019 chinali matani 19,000, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi 9 kg ya cobalt imafunika pagalimoto iliyonse. Kupanga ma EV 1 biliyoni okhala ndi 9 kg iliyonse kumafuna matani 9 miliyoni a cobalt, koma nkhokwe zonse padziko lapansi zimangokhala matani 7.1 miliyoni, ndipo monga tafotokozera poyamba, matani 100,000 m'mafakitale ena chaka chilichonse. Popeza ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, chikuwoneka chochepa monga momwe chilili.
Kugulitsa kwa EV kukuyembekezeka kukula kakhumi mu 2025, ndikufunika kwapachaka matani 250,000, kuphatikiza mabatire amgalimoto, ma aloyi apadera ndi ntchito zina. Ngakhale zofuna za EV zitachepetsedwa, zitha kutha nkhokwe zonse zomwe zimadziwika pano mkati mwa zaka 30.
Potengera izi, opanga mabatire akugwira ntchito molimbika usana ndi usiku momwe angachepetse kuchuluka kwa cobalt. Mwachitsanzo, mabatire a NMC omwe amagwiritsa ntchito faifi tambala, manganese, ndi cobalt akuwongoleredwa ndi NMC111 (nickel, manganese, ndi cobalt ndi 1: 1. Kuchuluka kwa cobalt kwachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono kuchoka pa 1: 1) kupita ku NMC532 ndi NMC811, ndi NMC9. 5.5 (chiŵerengero cha cobalt ndi 0.5) pakali pano chikupangidwa.
NCA (nickel, cobalt, aluminiyamu) yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Tesla ili ndi cobalt yotsika mpaka 3%, koma Model 3 yopangidwa ku China imagwiritsa ntchito batri ya lithiamu iron phosphate (LFP) yopanda cobalt. Palinso magiredi omwe atengedwa. Ngakhale LFP ndi yotsika kwa NCA potengera magwiridwe antchito, ili ndi zida zotsika mtengo, zokhazikika, komanso moyo wautali.
Ndipo pa "Tesla Battery Day" yomwe idakonzedwa kuyambira 6:30 am pa Seputembara 23, 2020 ku China nthawi, batire yatsopano yopanda cobalt idzalengezedwa, ndipo iyamba kupanga misa ndi Panasonic zaka zingapo. Zikuyembekezeka.
Mwa njira, ku Japan, "zitsulo zosawerengeka" ndi "zosowa zapadziko lapansi" nthawi zambiri zimasokonezeka. Zitsulo zosawerengeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani chifukwa "kutetezedwa kokhazikika ndikofunikira potsata ndondomeko pakati pa zitsulo zomwe kuchuluka kwake padziko lapansi kumakhala kosowa kapena kovuta kutulutsa chifukwa chaukadaulo ndi zachuma (Unduna wa Zachuma, Zamalonda ndi Zamakampani)". Ndichitsulo chosakhala ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, ndipo ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu 31 kuphatikizapo lithiamu, titaniyamu, chromium, cobalt, faifi tambala, platinamu, ndi dziko losowa. Mwa izi, dziko lapansi losowa limatchedwa dziko lapansi losowa, ndipo mitundu 17 monga neodymium ndi dysprosium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maginito okhazikika imatanthauzidwa.
Kumbuyo kwa kusowa kwa cobalt gwero, pepala lachitsulo la cobalt & ufa, ndi mankhwala a cobalt monga cobaltous chloride ngakhale hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride ndi yochepa.
Kupuma koyenera kuchokera ku cobalt
Pamene ntchito yofunikira kuti ma EV achuluke, akuyembekezeka kuti mabatire omwe safuna cobalt, monga mabatire amtundu uliwonse ndi lithiamu-sulfure, adzasintha m'tsogolomu, kotero mwamwayi sitikuganiza kuti chuma chidzatha. . Komabe, izi zikutanthauza kuti kufunikira kwa cobalt kudzagwa kwinakwake.
Kusintha kudzachitika zaka 5 mpaka 10 koyambirira, ndipo makampani akuluakulu amigodi sakufuna kupanga ndalama zanthawi yayitali mu cobalt. Komabe, chifukwa tikuwona mapeto, tikufuna kuti anthu ogwira ntchito m'migodi achoke pamalo otetezeka ogwira ntchito kusiyana ndi kuwira kwa cobalt.
Ndipo mabatire a magalimoto amagetsi omwe ali pamsika akufunikanso kusinthidwa akamaliza ntchito zawo zaka 10 mpaka 20 pambuyo pake, zomwe ndi Redwood yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Sumitomo Metals ndi mkulu wakale waukadaulo wa Tesla JB Strobel. -Zida ndi zina zakhazikitsa kale ukadaulo wa cobalt ndipo azigwiritsanso ntchito ndi zina.
Ngakhale kufunikira kwazinthu zina kukukulirakulira kwakanthawi pakusintha kwa magalimoto amagetsi, tidzakumana ndi kukhazikika komanso ufulu wa anthu ogwira ntchito molimba ngati cobalt, ndipo sitidzagula mkwiyo wa Kobolt womwe ukubisalira kuphanga. Ndikufuna kutsiriza nkhaniyi ndi chiyembekezo chodzakhala gulu.