Mu mafakitale agalasi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazitsulo, mankhwala ang'onoang'ono achitsulo, ndipo osowa padziko lapansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera zowonjezera kapena zosinthira kuti akwaniritse malo enieni, akuthupi, kapena mankhwala. Kutengera ndi makasitomala ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito makasitomala, gulu laukadaulo ndi chitukuko cha urawmines tech. Malire omwe adasankhidwa ndikusanthula mitundu yotsatirayi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo:
1.
1.Ceruum Oxide (CEO₂)
- Cholinga:
- Demelorizer: imachotsa mafuta obiriwira mugalasi (pro phe⁺ zosayera).
- Kuwala kwa UV: Kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi otetezedwa a UV (EG magalasi, galasi lomanga).
- Kupukutira Mtumiki: Kupukutira zinthu zopukutira kwagalasi.
2. Nurdymium Oxide (Nd₂o₃), Praseodmuum Oxide (PR₆o₁₁)
- Cholinga:
- Colorants: Newdymium imapereka galasi lofiirira (limasiyana ndi gwero lopepuka), ndipo Prasedymium imatulutsa time tating'ono tating'ono kapena zachikaso, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mugalasi laluso komanso zosefera.
3. Euoro₃, Thbachi Oxide (TB₄o₇)
- Cholinga:
- Katundu wa fluorescent: amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati galasi la fluorescent (monga X-ray yowonjezera zojambula, ndi zida zowonetsa).
4..
- Cholinga:
- Galasi lalikulu lokhazikika: Onjezani mndandanda wagalasi owoneka bwino (monga magalasi a kamera, ndi ma microscopes).
- GAWO OGWIRITSA NTCHITO BWINO: Kukhazikika kwa mafuta ndi kukhazikika kwamankhwala (labure, ulusi wamaso).
2. Zosowa zachitsulo
Zitsulo zosafunikira nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magalasi apadera ogwira ntchito kapena kukhathamiritsa:
1.
- Cholinga:
- Kupanga Zovala: Kanema wowoneka bwino wogwiritsira ntchito zowoneka bwino ndi mawonekedwe a galasi (LCDS).
2. Germanium oxide (Geo₂)
- Cholinga:
- GAWO LAPANSI PAMODZI: Kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabowo otenthetsera, komanso zida zam'maso.
- Chitsamba chokhazikika chotsimikizika: chimathandizanso magwiridwe antchito atsemimba.
3. Gallium oxide (Ga₂o₃)
- Cholinga:
- Kuwala kwamtambo kwamtambo: zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zosefera kapena magalasi owoneka bwino.
3. Mankhwala achitsulo
Zitsulo zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimatengera zitsulo zokhala ndi zotsika koma mtengo wa mafakitale, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosintha kapena njira:
1. Cobalt Oxide (Coo / Cooo₄)
- Cholinga:
- Colorant Colorant: Wogwiritsidwa ntchito mugalasi laluso, ndi zosefera (monga galasi la safiro).
2. Nickel Oxide (NIO)
- Cholinga:
- imvi / yofiirira: Amasintha mtundu wagalasi, ndipo amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati galasi lowongolera la matenthedwe (amatenga mawonekedwe apadera).
3. Selenium (se) ndi Selenium oxide (Seo₂)
- Cholinga:
- Chizindikiro chofiyira: galasi la ruby (kuphatikiza ndi Cadmium sulfide).
- Demelorizer: imasalowerera kwambiri obiriwira omwe amayambitsidwa ndi chitsulo chachitsulo.
4. Lithiamu oxide (Li₂o)
- Cholinga:
- Posachedwa Posungunuka: Sinthani madzi osungunula chagalasi (monga galasi yapadera, galasi longowona).
4. Mankhwala ena ogwira ntchito
1. Titanium oxide (TiOIO₂)
- Cholinga:
- Mlozera wokhazikika: Wogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati galasi lowoneka bwino komanso zokutira zotsuka.
- UV Kutetezedwa: Galasi ya Omanga ndi Magalimoto Omanga.
2. Caladium Oxide (V₂o₅)
- Cholinga:
- galasi la thermoromic: Amasintha mawonekedwe ngati kutentha (zenera lanzeru).
** Kufotokozera mwachidule **
- Zachilendo padziko lapansi zimayambitsa kukhathamiritsa kwa mitengo yowoneka bwino (monga kuloza, flurescence, ndi mndandanda wokhazikika).
- Zitsulo zopanda pake (monga Indrium, ndi Germanium) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'minda yaukadaulo (kuchititsa zovala, galasi la infrated).
- Zitsulo zazing'ono (cobat, nickel, selenium) Yambirani kuwongolera kwa utoto komanso kulowerera mosiyanasiyana.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kumathandizira galasi kuti akhale ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'minda ngati mapangidwe, eyamagetsi, optics, ndi zaluso.