He aha nā Rare-Earths?
ʻO nā honua laha ʻole, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he ʻano honua laha ʻole, e pili ana i 17 mau mea ma ka papaʻaina me ka pūʻulu lanthanide mai nā helu atomika 57, lanthanum (La) a 71, lutetium (Lu), me ka scandium (Sc) a me yttrium (Y) .
Mai ka inoa, hiki i kekahi ke manaʻo he "ʻokoʻa" kēia, akā ma ke ʻano o nā makahiki minable (ka ratio o nā mālama mālama i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hana makahiki) a me ko lākou ʻano nui i loko o ka ʻōpala o ka honua, ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou ma mua o ke alakaʻi a i ʻole zinc.
Ma ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā ʻāina laha ʻole, hiki i kekahi ke manaʻo i nā loli nui i ka ʻenehana maʻamau; nā hoʻololi e like me ka hana ʻenehana ma o nā hana hou i loaʻa, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka lōʻihi o nā mea hana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikehu no nā mīkini uila a me nā mea hana.
E pili ana i nā 'Oxides-Earth Oxides
ʻO ka Rare-Earth Oxides Group i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Rare Earths a i ʻole REO i kekahi manawa. Ua loaʻa i kekahi mau metala honua kakaʻikahi i nā noi i lalo i ka honua i ka metallurgy, ceramics, glass making, dyes, lasers, televisions a me nā mea uila ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o nā metala honua laha ʻole ke piʻi nei. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea i loaʻa i ka honua me nā mea hana ʻoihana he oxides, a i ʻole e loaʻa mai nā oxides.
E pili ana i nā noi ʻoihana nui a me nā ʻoihana ʻoi loa o ka honua oxides, ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻoheheʻe catalysts (e like me ka catalysis automotive ʻekolu), i nā ʻoihana pili aniani (ka hana aniani, decoloring a kala, aniani polishing a me nā noi pili ʻē aʻe), a mau loa. ʻO ka helu hana magnets no kahi kokoke i 70% o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka honua oxides. ʻO nā noi ʻoihana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻoihana metallurgy (hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i ka Fe a i ʻole Al metala alloys), seramika (i ka hihia o Y), nā noi e pili ana i nā kukui (ma ke ʻano o nā phosphors), ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui pākaukau, a i ʻole ma ka paʻa. oxide wahie, i waena o kekahi. Hoʻohui, akā ʻaʻole i emi iki ka mea nui, aia nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e like me ka hoʻohana biomedical o nā ʻōnaehana nanoparticulated i loaʻa nā oxides honua ʻokoʻa no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa a i ʻole he mau hōʻailona ʻike tumoral, a i ʻole he mea hoʻonani pale lā no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻili.
E pili ana i nā Pahu Laha Kakaʻikahi
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Hui Rare-Earth Maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe mai nā ores ma ke ʻano penei: ka hoʻopaʻa kino (e laʻa, flotation), leaching, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka hopena ma o ka wehe ʻana i ka solvent, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka honua ma o ka wehe ʻana i ka solvent, ka ua hoʻohui ʻia o kēlā me kēia honua. ʻO ka mea hope loa, hoʻokumu kēia mau pūhui i ka carbonate, hydroxide, phosphates a me nā fluoride.
Hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi o 40% o ka hana ʻana o ka honua ma ke ʻano metala—no ka hana ʻana i nā magnet, nā electrodes pākaukau, a me nā alloys. Hana ʻia nā metala mai nā pūhui i luna aʻe e ka electrowinning paʻakai fused kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe me nā mea hoʻemi metala, no ka laʻana, calcium a lanthanum.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻāina laha ʻole i kēia mau mea:
●Magnets (hiki i ka 100 magnets no ke kaʻa hou)
● Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe (ka hoʻokuʻu kaʻa a me ka pohā ʻaila)
● ʻO nā pauka poli aniani no nā pale kīwī a me nā diski mālama ʻikepili aniani
● Nā ʻakomi hiki ke hoʻouka hou ʻia (no nā kaʻa hybrid)
● Photonics (luminescence, fluorescence a me nā mea hoʻonui māmā)
● Manaʻo ʻia e ulu nui nā mākēneki a me nā photonics i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana
Hāʻawi ʻo UrbanMines i kahi papa inoa piha o ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā pūhui hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe loa. Ke ulu ikaika nei ke koʻikoʻi o Rare Earth Compounds i nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi he nui a hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia i nā huahana a me nā kaʻina hana. Hāʻawi mākou i nā Rare Earth Compounds i nā māka like ʻole e like me nā koi o ka mea kūʻai aku, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai i nā ʻoihana like ʻole.
He aha nā Rare-Earths i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia?
ʻO ka hoʻohana mua ʻana i nā ʻāina laha ʻole no ka flint i nā kukui. I kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻenehana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hui ʻana o nā mea like ʻole o ka honua a me nā mea paʻakai a i ʻole ka misch metal (alloy) i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia.
Mai ka makahiki 1960, ua hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a ua ʻike ʻia nā waiwai i loko o kēlā me kēia honua laha. No kā lākou ʻoihana, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he cathode-ray tube phosphors no nā TV kala a me nā lens kamera kiʻekiʻe refractive. Ua hele lākou e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui a me ke kaumaha o nā kamepiula, nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, nā leo leo a me nā mea hou aʻe ma o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā magnet mau hana kiʻekiʻe.
I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa iā lākou ka manaʻo ma ke ʻano he mea maka no nā ʻāpana hydrogen-absorbing a me nā alloys magnetostriction.
