Me ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pihi ikehu hou e like me nā pākahi lithium manganate, ua hoʻohuli nui ʻia kā lākou mau mea pono e pili ana i ka manganese. Ma muli o ka ʻikepili kūpono, ke keʻena noiʻi mākeke o UrbanMines Tech. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Co., Ltd. i ke kūlana hoʻomohala o ka ʻoihana manganese o Kina no ka kuhikuhi ʻana o kā mākou mea kūʻai.
1. Hoʻolako Manganese: Ke hilinaʻi nei ka hopena o ka oka i ka lawe ʻana mai, a ʻo ka mana hana o nā huahana i hoʻoponopono ʻia.
1.1 kaulahao hana manganese
Loaʻa nā huahana Manganese i nā ʻano like ʻole, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana kila, a loaʻa ka mana nui i ka hana pākaukau. ʻO ka metala manganese he keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, paʻakikī a palupalu. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia e like me ka deoxidizer, desulfurizer a me ka alloying element i ke kaʻina hana kila. ʻO Silicon-manganese alloy, medium-low carbon ferromanganese a me high-carbon ferromanganese ka mea kūʻai nui o ka manganese. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka manganese i ka hana ʻana i nā mea cathode ternary a me nā mea cathode lithium manganate, ʻo ia nā wahi noi me ka hiki ke ulu i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻaila manganese ma o ka manganese metallurgical a me ka manganese kemika. 1) I uka: ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka ʻaʻahu. ʻO nā ʻano ʻano manganese he manganese oxide ore, manganese carbonate ore, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana e like me ka manganese dioxide, ka manganese metala, ka ferromanganese a me ka silicomanganese ma o ka sulfuric acid leaching a i ʻole ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka umu ahi. 3) Nā noi haʻahaʻa: ʻO nā noi lalo e uhi i nā mea kila, nā cathodes pākaukau, nā catalysts, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā māla ʻē aʻe.
1.2 Manganese oka: ʻo nā kumu waiwai kiʻekiʻe ke koʻikoʻi ma nā ʻāina ʻē, a ke hilinaʻi nei ʻo Kina i ka lawe ʻana mai
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻaila manganese honua ma ʻApelika Hema, Kina, Australia a me Pasila, a ʻo nā wahi mālama manganese o Kina ka lua ma ka honua. He nui nā kumu waiwai manganese o ka honua, akā hāʻawi like ʻole lākou. Wahi a ka ʻikepili Wind, mai Dekemaba 2022, ʻo 1.7 biliona tons i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka honua manganese ore, 37.6% o ia mea aia ma South Africa, 15.9% ma Brazil, 15.9% ma Australia, a me 8.2% ma Ukraine. I ka makahiki 2022, ʻo 280 miliona mau tons o ka manganese o Kina, ʻo 16.5% ka nui o ka honua, a ʻo kāna mau waihona e kū i ka lua ma ka honua.
ʻOkoʻa loa nā māka o nā kumu waiwai manganese o ka honua, a ʻo nā kumu waiwai kiʻekiʻe ke koʻikoʻi ma nā ʻāina ʻē. ʻO nā ores waiwai nui o Manganese (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manganese ma mua o 30%) ma ʻApelika Hema, Gabon, Australia a me Brazil. Aia ka helu o ka manganese ore ma waena o 40-50%, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o 70% o ka honua. Ke hilinaʻi nui nei ʻo Kina a me Ukraine i nā kumuwaiwai manganese haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka manganese ma mua o 30%, a pono e hana ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana.
ʻO nā mea hana nui manganese o ka honua ʻo ʻApelika Hema, Gabon a me Australia, a ʻo Kina ka helu 6%. Wahi a ka makani, ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka manganese o ka honua i ka makahiki 2022 he 20 miliona tons, kahi hoʻemi o ka makahiki ma ka makahiki he 0.5%, me nā helu o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma mua o 90%. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka huahana o South Africa, Gabon a me Australia he 7.2 miliona, 4.6 miliona a me 3.3 miliona tons. He 990,000 tons ka nui o ka hua manganese o Kina. He 5% wale nō o ka hana honua.
ʻAʻole kūlike ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka manganese ore ma Kina, ʻoi aku ka nui ma Guangxi, Guizhou a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Wahi a “Research on China's Manganese Ore Resources and Industrial Chain Security Issues” (Ren Hui et al.), ʻo ka nui o ka manganese ores o Kina he manganese carbonate ores, me ka liʻiliʻi o ka manganese oxide ores a me nā ʻano ores ʻē aʻe. Wahi a ka Ministry of Natural Resources, ʻo 280 miliona mau tons ka nui o ka manganese ore i 2022. ʻO Guangxi ka ʻāina me ka nui o ka manganese ore, me ka mālama ʻana he 120 miliona tons, ʻo ia ka 43% o ka mālama ʻana o ka ʻāina; a ukali ʻia e Guizhou, me ka mālama ʻana o 50 miliona mau tona, ʻo ia ka 43% o ka mālama ʻana o ka ʻāina. 18%.
He liʻiliʻi a haʻahaʻa nā waihona manganese o Kina. He liʻiliʻi nā mines manganese nui ma Kina, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he ʻeleʻele lean. Wahi a "Research on China's Manganese Ore Resources and Industrial Chain Security Issues" (Ren Hui et al.), ʻo ka awelika helu o ka manganese ore ma Kina ma kahi o 22%, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Aneane ʻaʻohe ores manganese waiwai e kū ana i nā kūlana honua, a koi ʻia nā ores lean haʻahaʻa Hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pae ma o ka hoʻoili mineral.
Ma kahi o 95% ka hilinaʻi o ka manganese ore i lawe mai i Kina. Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā kumu waiwai manganese o Kina, nā haumia kiʻekiʻe, nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka mining, a me nā mana palekana palekana a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni i loko o ka ʻoihana mining, ua emi ka hana ʻana o ka manganese o Kina i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai ka US Geological Survey, ua emi ka hana ʻana o ka manganese o Kina i nā makahiki he 10 i hala. Ua emi nui ka huahana mai 2016 a 2018 a me 2021. ʻO ka hana makahiki o kēia manawa e pili ana i 1 miliona tons. Ke hilinaʻi nui nei ʻo Kina i ka lawe ʻana mai o ka manganese ore, a ua ʻoi aku kona hilinaʻi waho ma luna o 95% i nā makahiki ʻelima i hala. Wahi a ka ʻike Wind, ʻo 990,000 tons o ka manganese o Kina i ka makahiki 2022, aʻo ka lawe ʻana mai e hōʻea i ka 29.89 miliona tons, me ka nui o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka 96.8%.
1.3 Electrolytic manganese: ʻO Kina ka 98% o ka hana honua a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mana hana.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana manganese electrolytic o Kina ma nā panalāʻau waena a me ke komohana. ʻO ka hana electrolytic manganese o Kina ka mea nui i Ningxia, Guangxi, Hunan a me Guizhou, he 31%, 21%, 20% a me 12% kēlā me kēia. Wahi a ka Steel Industry, ʻo ka hana electrolytic manganese o Kina he 98% o ka hana electrolytic manganese honua a ʻo ia ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua i ka manganese electrolytic.
ʻO ka ʻoihana manganese electrolytic o Kina i hoʻopaʻa i ka mana hana, me ka mana hana o Ningxia Tianyuan Manganese Industry he 33% o ka huina o ka ʻāina. Wahi a Baichuan Yingfu, ʻo Iune 2023, ʻo ka nui o ka mana hana electrolytic manganese o Kina he 2.455 miliona tons. ʻO nā ʻoihana he ʻumi kiʻekiʻe ʻo Ningxia Tianyuan Manganese Industry, Southern Manganese Group, Tianxiong Technology, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ka nui o ka hana o 1.71 miliona tons, e helu ana i ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻāina he 70%. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo Ningxia Tianyuan Manganese Industry he 800,000 tons ka nui o ka makahiki, ʻo ia ka 33% o ka nui o ka hana o ka ʻāina.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā kulekele ʻoihana a me nā hemahema o ka mana,manganese electrolyticua emi ka hana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka pahuhopu "palua kalapona" Kina, ua ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o nā kulekele mālama kaiapuni, ua wikiwiki ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻoihana, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka mana hana hope, ua kāohi ʻia ka mana hana hou, a me nā mea e like me ka mana. ʻO nā palena i kekahi mau wahi i kaupalena ʻia ka hana ʻana, ua hāʻule ka hopena ma 2021. I Iulai 2022, ua hoʻopuka ka Manganese Specialized Committee o ka China Ferroalloy Industry Association i kahi manaʻo e kaupalena a hōʻemi i ka hana ma mua o 60%. I ka makahiki 2022, ua hāʻule ka huahana manganese electrolytic o Kina i 852,000 tons (yoy-34.7%). I ka lā 22 ʻOkakopa, ua hoʻoholo ke Kōmike Hana Hana Hana Electrolytic Manganese Metal o ka China Mining Association i ka pahuhopu e kāpae i nā hana āpau ma Ianuali 2023 a me 50% o ka hana ʻana mai Pepeluali a Dekemaba. I ka lā 22 o Nowemapa, ua manaʻo ke Kōmike Hana Hana Hana Electrolytic Manganese Metal o ka China Mining Association i nā ʻoihana e hoʻomau mākou e hoʻokuʻu i ka hana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana, a hoʻonohonoho i ka hana ma 60% o ka hiki ke hana. Manaʻo mākou ʻaʻole e piʻi nui ka puka manganese electrolytic i 2023.
Noho ka nui o ka hana ma kahi o 50%, a e loli nui ka nui o ka hana ma 2022. Hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka hoʻolālā kuʻikahi ma 2022, e loli nui ka nui o ka hana o nā hui manganese electrolytic o Kina, me ka awelika o ka hana o ka makahiki he 33.5% . Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hapaha mua o 2022, a ʻo nā helu hana ma Pepeluali a me Malaki he 7% a me 10,5% wale nō. Ma hope o ka hui ʻana i kahi hālāwai ma ka hopena o Iulai, ua hōʻemi a hoʻokuʻu paha nā hale hana i ka hui kuʻikahi, a ʻo ka nui o ka hana ma ʻAukake, Kepakemapa a me ʻOkakopa i emi iho ma mua o 30%.
1.4 Manganese dioxide: Ke alakaʻi ʻia e ka lithium manganate, wikiwiki ka ulu ʻana a paʻa ka mana hana.
Ke alakaʻi ʻia e ka noi no nā mea lithium manganate, Kinaelectrolytic manganese dioxideua piʻi nui ka hana. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka noi no nā mea lithium manganate, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka noi no ka lithium manganate electrolytic manganese dioxide, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana ʻana o Kina. Wahi a "He Manaʻo pōkole o ka Global Manganese Ore a me China's Manganese Product Production in 2020″ (Qin Deliang), ʻo ka hana electrolytic manganese dioxide a Kina i 2020 he 351,000 tons, kahi hoʻonui makahiki o 14.3%. I ka makahiki 2022, e hoʻokuʻu kekahi mau ʻoihana i ka hana no ka mālama ʻana, a e emi iho ka hopena o ka electrolytic manganese dioxide. Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai Shanghai Nonferrous Metal Network, ʻo ka huahana electrolytic manganese dioxide o Kina i 2022 he 268,000 tons.
Loaʻa ka mana hana electrolytic manganese dioxide o Kina ma Guangxi, Hunan a me Guizhou. ʻO Kina ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua i ka electrolytic manganese dioxide. Wahi a ka Huajing Industrial Research Institute, ʻo ka hana electrolytic manganese dioxide o Kina i helu ʻia ma kahi o 73% o ka hana honua ma 2018. ʻO ka hana electrolytic manganese dioxide o Kina ka mea nui ma Guangxi, Hunan a me Guizhou, me ka helu ʻana o Guangxi no ka hapa nui loa. Wahi a ka Huajing Industrial Research Institute, ʻo Guangxi's electrolytic manganese dioxide production i helu ʻia no 74.4% o ka hana aupuni ma 2020.
1.5 Manganese sulfate: e pōmaikaʻi ana mai ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka pākaukau a me ka hiki ke hana
ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka manganese sulfate o Kina ma kahi o 66% o ka hana ʻana o ka honua, me ka mana hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Guangxi. Wahi a QYResearch, ʻo Kina ka mea hana nui a me ka mea kūʻai aku i ka manganese sulfate. I ka makahiki 2021, ua helu ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka manganese sulfate o Kina ma kahi o 66% o ka nui o ka honua; ʻO ka nui o ke kūʻai aku ʻana o ka manganese sulfate honua i ka makahiki 2021 ma kahi o 550,000 tons, ʻo ia ka nui o ka manganese sulfate ma kahi o 41%. ʻO ka nui o ke kūʻai aku ʻana o ka manganese sulfate honua he 1.54 miliona tons i ka makahiki 2027, ʻo ia ka helu o ka manganese sulfate ma kahi o 73%. Wahi a "He Manaʻo pōkole o ka Global Manganese Ore a me China's Manganese Product Production in 2020″ (Qin Deliang), ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka manganese sulfate o Kina i 2020 he 479,000 tons, ka mea nui ma Guangxi, helu no 31.7%.
Wahi a Baichuan Yingfu, he 500,000 tons ka nui o ka manganese sulfate ma Kina i ka makahiki 2022. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mana hana, CR3 he 60%, a he 278,000 tons ka hopena. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka mana hana hou he 310,000 tons (Tianyuan Manganese Industry 300,000 tons + Nanhai Chemical 10,000 tons).
2. Ke koi no ka manganese: Ke wikiwiki nei ke kaʻina hana ʻoihana, a ke piʻi nei ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā mea cathode e pili ana i ka manganese.
2.1 Koi kuʻuna: 90% he kila, manaʻo ʻia e noho paʻa
ʻO kaʻoihana kila he 90% o ka noi i lalo no ka manganese ore, a ke hoʻonui nei ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā pākahi lithium-ion. Wahi a ka "IMnI EPD Conference Annual Report (2022)", hoʻohana nui ʻia ka manganese ore i ka ʻoihana kila, ʻoi aku ma mua o 90% o ka manganese ore i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o ka silicon-manganese alloy a me ka manganese ferroalloy, a me ke koena manganese ore. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka electrolytic manganese dioxide a me ka manganese sulfate hana o nā huahana ʻē aʻe. Wahi a Baichuan Yingfu, ʻo nā ʻoihana i lalo o ka manganese ore he manganese alloys, electrolytic manganese, a me nā pūhui manganese. I waena o lākou, hoʻohana ʻia ka 60% -80% o ka manganese ores no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hao manganese (no ke kila a me ka hoʻolei ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), a hoʻohana ʻia ka 20% o ka manganese ores i ka hana. Electrolytic manganese (hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ke kila kila, nā alloys, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), hoʻohana ʻia ka 5-10% e hana i nā pūhui manganese (hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā mea ternary, nā mea magnetic, etc.)
Manganese no ke kila kila: Manaʻo ʻia ke koi honua he 20.66 miliona tons i 25 mau makahiki. Wahi a ka International Manganese Association, hoʻohana ʻia ka manganese ma ke ʻano he desulfurizer a me nā mea hoʻohui i ke ʻano o ke kalapona kiʻekiʻe, medium-carbon a i ʻole haʻahaʻa-carbon hao-manganese a me ka silicon-manganese i ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ke kila kila. Hiki iā ia ke pale i ka oxidation koʻikoʻi i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a pale i ka haki ʻana a me ka brittleness. Hoʻonui ia i ka ikaika, paʻakikī, paʻakikī a me ke ʻano o ke kila. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka manganese o ke kila kūikawā ma mua o ke kila kalapona. ʻO ka awelika manganese o ka honua holoʻokoʻa i manaʻo ʻia he 1.1%. E hoʻomaka ana mai 2021, e hoʻokō ka National Development and Reform Commission a me nā keʻena ʻē aʻe i ka hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kila kila, a e hoʻomau i ka hana ʻana i ka hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa kila kila ma 2022, me nā hopena kupaianaha. Mai 2020 a 2022, e hāʻule ana ka hana kila kila mai ka 1.065 biliona tons i 1.013 biliona tons. Manaʻo ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana ʻo Kina a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ke kila maʻemaʻe o ka honua.
2.2 Koi pākaukau: hāʻawi hoʻonui ʻia o nā mea cathode kumu manganese
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pākahi lithium manganese oxide i ka mākeke kikohoʻe, ka mākeke mana liʻiliʻi a me ka mākeke kaʻa kaʻa. Loaʻa iā lākou ka hana palekana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, akā maikaʻi ʻole ka ikehu a me ka hana pōʻai. Wahi a Xinchen Information, ʻo ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka lithium manganate cathode material a Kina mai 2019 a 2021 he 7.5 / 9.1 / 102,000 tons kēlā me kēia, a me 66,000 tons i 2022. ʻO kēia ka mea nui ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma Kina i 2022 a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o ka upstream raw. mea lithium carbonate. Ke piʻi nei nā kumukūʻai a me nā manaʻolana hoʻohana lohi.
Manganese no ka lithium battery cathodes: Manaʻo ʻia ke koi honua he 229,000 tons i 2025, e like me 216,000 tons o manganese dioxide a me 284,000 tons o manganese sulfate. ʻO ka manganese i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano cathode no nā pā lithium i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i manganese no nā pihi ternary a me ka manganese no nā pā lithium manganate. Me ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā pā uila i ka wā e hiki mai ana, manaʻo mākou e hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manganese honua no nā pā uila ternary mai 61,000 a 61,000 ma 22-25. Ua piʻi aʻe nā tona i 92,000 tons, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ke koi kūpono no ka manganese sulfate mai 186,000 tons a i 284,000 tons (ʻo ke kumu manganese o ka cathode material o ka ternary battery he manganese sulfate); i alakaʻi ʻia e ka ulu ʻana o ka noi no nā kaʻa ʻelua huila uila, e like me Xinchen Information a me Boshi Wahi a ka prospectus kiʻekiʻe-tech, manaʻo ʻia nā moku lithium manganate cathode honua he 224,000 tons i 25 mau makahiki, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manganese o 136,000 tons, a me nā koi manganese dioxide e pili ana i 216,000 tons (ʻo ke kumu manganese o ka lithium manganate cathode material he manganese dioxide) .
Loaʻa i nā kumu manganese nā mea maikaʻi o nā waiwai waiwai, nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a me nā puka makani uila kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hana manganese. Ke holomua nei ka ʻenehana a me kāna kaʻina hana ʻenehana, ua hoʻomaka nā hale hana pākaukau e like me Tesla, BYD, CATL, a me Guoxuan High-tech e kau i nā mea cathode pili i ka manganese. Hana ʻia.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana ʻoihana o ka lithium iron manganese phosphate e manaʻo ʻia e wikiwiki. 1) Hoʻohui i nā pono o ka lithium iron phosphate a me nā ʻāpana ternary, loaʻa iā ia ka palekana a me ka ikaika o ka ikehu. Wahi a Shanghai Nonferrous Network, ʻo ka lithium iron manganese phosphate he mana hou o ka lithium iron phosphate. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mea manganese hiki ke hoʻonui i ka uila uila. He 15% ke kiʻekiʻe o kona ikehu theoretical ma mua o ka lithium iron phosphate, a he mea paʻa kona. Hoʻokahi ton o ka hao manganese phosphate ʻO ka lithium manganese content he 13%. 2) Ka holomua ʻenehana: Ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mea manganese, loaʻa i nā pānaʻi lithium hao manganese phosphate nā pilikia e like me ka conductivity maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke ola pōʻai, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ma o ka nanotechnology particle, morphology design, ion doping and surface coating. 3) ʻO ka wikiwiki o ke kaʻina hana ʻoihana: ʻO nā hui pākahi e like me CATL, China Innovation Aviation, Guoxuan Hi-Tech, Sunwoda, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ua hana lākou a pau i nā pākahi lithium hao manganese phosphate; nā hui cathode e like me Defang Nano, Rongbai Technology, Dangsheng Technology, a me nā mea'ē aʻe. hui kaʻa Niu GOVAF0 moʻo uila kaʻa ua lako me ka lithium hao manganese phosphate pākaukau, NIO ua hoʻomaka liʻiliʻi-scale hana o ka lithium hao manganese phosphate pihi ma Hefei, a BYD's Fudi Battery ua hoʻomaka ke kuai lithium hao manganese phosphate Mea: Tesla's home Model 3 facelift hoʻohana i ka M3P lithium hao phosphate hou o CATL.
Manganese no ka lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode: Ma lalo o nā manaʻo kūʻokoʻa a me ka manaʻo maikaʻi, ʻo ka noi honua no ka lithium hao manganese phosphate cathode e manaʻo ʻia he 268,000 / 358,000 tons i 25 mau makahiki, a ʻo ka koi manganese e pili ana he 35,000/47,000 tons.
Wahi a ka wānana a Gaogong Lithium Battery, ma 2025, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke komo ʻana o ka mākeke o ka lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode material ma mua o 15% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea lithium iron phosphate. No laila, i ka manaʻo ʻana i nā kūlana kūʻokoʻa a me ka manaʻo maikaʻi, ʻo nā helu komo o ka lithium hao manganese phosphate i 23-25 mau makahiki he 4% / 9% / 15%, 5% / 11% / 20%. Mākeke kaʻa ʻelua huila: Manaʻo mākou e hoʻolalelale ʻia nā pākaʻi lithium iron manganese phosphate i ke komo ʻana i ka mākeke kaʻa kaʻa ʻelua huila o Kina. ʻAʻole e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻāina ʻē ma muli o ke kumukūʻai insensitivity a me nā koi kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu. Ua manaʻo ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana kūʻokoʻa a me ka optimistic i nā makahiki 25, lithium hao manganese phosphate e ʻO ke koi no nā cathodes he 1.1 / 15,000 tons, a ʻo ke koi kūpono no ka manganese he 0.1 / 0.2 miliona tons. Makeke kaʻa uila: Ke manaʻo nei ua hoʻololi loa ka lithium iron manganese phosphate i ka lithium iron phosphate a hoʻohana ʻia me ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻāpana ternary (e like me ka hapa o nā huahana pili o Rongbai Technology, manaʻo mākou he 10%) ka doping ratio, ua manaʻo ʻia kūʻokoʻa a Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, ʻo ka koi no ka lithium hao manganese phosphate cathodes he 257,000/343,000 tons, a ʻo ka koi manganese e pili ana he 33,000/45,000 tons.
I kēia manawa, aia nā kumukūʻai o ka manganese ore, manganese sulfate, a me ka manganese electrolytic i kahi pae haʻahaʻa i ka mōʻaukala, a ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka manganese dioxide ma kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka mōʻaukala. I ka makahiki 2021, ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu ʻelua a me ka nele o ka mana, ua hoʻokuʻu ka hui i ka hana ʻana, ua emi ka lako o ka manganese electrolytic, a ua piʻi nui nā kumukūʻai, e alakaʻi ana i nā kumukūʻai o ka manganese ore, manganese sulfate, a me ka manganese electrolytic e piʻi aʻe. Ma hope o 2022, ua nāwaliwali ka noi o lalo, a ua emi ke kumukūʻai o ka manganese electrolytic, ʻoiai ua emi ke kumukūʻai o ka manganese dioxide electrolytic. No ka manganese, manganese sulfate, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka boom ma lalo o nā pā lithium, ʻaʻole nui ka hoʻoponopono kumukūʻai. I ka wā lōʻihi, ʻo ka noi i lalo ka nui o ka manganese sulfate a me ka manganese dioxide i nā pā. Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o nā mea cathode e pili ana i ka manganese, manaʻo ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ke kikowaena kumukūʻai i luna.